Ixorida regia
Fower chafers
Fower chafers
Own residence : 3-3-24
Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae.
Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for
pollen and nectar, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on fruit.
The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed.
The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide, they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles.
Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape.
The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the mandibles and labrum are hidden by the clypeus. The elytra lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the pygidium.
The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal sternites with at least one exposed.
Fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique.
The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size.
A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra.
Adult cetoniines are herbivorous, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit.
Ixorida is a genus of flower chafers (Cetoniinae, tribe Taenioderini). There are about 10 species, all from tropical Asia.
Ixorida regia belongs to the genus Ixorida, and the family Cetoniidae is a species of Coleoptera described by Fabricius in 1801.
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
Family : Scarabaeidae
Subfamily : Cetoniinae
Tribe : Taenioderini
Genus : Ixorida
J. Thomson, 1880
Type species Ixorida regia
Fabricius, 1801
Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for
pollen and nectar, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on fruit.
The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed.
The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide, they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles.
Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape.
The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the mandibles and labrum are hidden by the clypeus. The elytra lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the pygidium.
The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal sternites with at least one exposed.
Fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique.
The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size.
A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra.
Adult cetoniines are herbivorous, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit.
Ixorida is a genus of flower chafers (Cetoniinae, tribe Taenioderini). There are about 10 species, all from tropical Asia.
Ixorida regia belongs to the genus Ixorida, and the family Cetoniidae is a species of Coleoptera described by Fabricius in 1801.
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
Family : Scarabaeidae
Subfamily : Cetoniinae
Tribe : Taenioderini
Genus : Ixorida
J. Thomson, 1880
Type species Ixorida regia
Fabricius, 1801
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
lady beetle
lady beetle
The genus Cryptolaemus consists of predatory beetles of the family Coccinellidae, whose larvae and adults mostly prey upon scale insects on ornamental plants.
There are seven species in the genus, in two groups, all originally from eastern Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is a small (about 3-4 mm long), dark brown lady beetle with a tan to orange head and posterior. The larvae grow up to 1.3 cm in length and have woolly appendages of wax (their true legs are barely visible underneath) which makes them resemble mealybugs, although they are about twice as large as the adult female citrus mealybug.
C. montrouzieri attacks citrus and closely related mealybugs and some soft scales, including hemispherical scale and its relatives. It is considered an important predator of citrus and long-tailed mealybug in greenhouses and interior plantscapes and is being introduced in a biocontrol program in the West Indies to control pink hibiscus mealybug.
Adult females lay eggs among the cottony egg sack of adult female mealybugs. Eggs hatch into larvae in about 5 days at 27°C (80°F). The three larval stages last from 12-17 days during which the larvae feed on mealybug eggs, young crawlers, and the honeydew produced by mealybugs.
C. montrouzieri pupates in sheltered places on stems or on greenhouse structures. Adults emerge after 7-10 days and live four months. Four days after emerging, adult females begin to lay eggs, and the lifetime total may be as many as 400. Adults may live up to 2 months.
C. montrouzieri is a voracious feeder of mealybug in both the larval and adult stages, a single larva may consume up to 250 small mealybugs.
They require cottony egg masses for egg-laying (long-tailed mealybugs do not have cottony egg masses). Although adults and young larvae prefer to feed on mealybug eggs, older larvae will attack any mealybug stage. Adults can fly and cover large areas to search for food. If mealybugs are scarce, they will fly off in search of other related insects, e.g. aphids and soft scales, although reproduction is substantially greater on mealybugs.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, common name mealybug ladybird or mealybug destroyer, is a ladybird species.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri can reach a length of about 6 millimetres (0.24 in). Adults of this species have the typical ladybird shape but, unlike many of the often brightly coloured Coccinellidae, the elytra of these small ladybirds are predominantly dark brown and have no spots. Head, antennae, pronotum, the end of the elytra and the legs are orange-brown. Larvae can reach a length of 14–15 millimetres (0.55–0.59 in). They show a waxy covering that makes them apparently look like the mealybugs they prey on, a case of aggressive mimicry.
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
Family : Coccinellidae
Genus : Cryptolaemus
Species : C. montrouzieri
Binomial name Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Mulsant, 1850
There are seven species in the genus, in two groups, all originally from eastern Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is a small (about 3-4 mm long), dark brown lady beetle with a tan to orange head and posterior. The larvae grow up to 1.3 cm in length and have woolly appendages of wax (their true legs are barely visible underneath) which makes them resemble mealybugs, although they are about twice as large as the adult female citrus mealybug.
C. montrouzieri attacks citrus and closely related mealybugs and some soft scales, including hemispherical scale and its relatives. It is considered an important predator of citrus and long-tailed mealybug in greenhouses and interior plantscapes and is being introduced in a biocontrol program in the West Indies to control pink hibiscus mealybug.
Adult females lay eggs among the cottony egg sack of adult female mealybugs. Eggs hatch into larvae in about 5 days at 27°C (80°F). The three larval stages last from 12-17 days during which the larvae feed on mealybug eggs, young crawlers, and the honeydew produced by mealybugs.
C. montrouzieri pupates in sheltered places on stems or on greenhouse structures. Adults emerge after 7-10 days and live four months. Four days after emerging, adult females begin to lay eggs, and the lifetime total may be as many as 400. Adults may live up to 2 months.
C. montrouzieri is a voracious feeder of mealybug in both the larval and adult stages, a single larva may consume up to 250 small mealybugs.
They require cottony egg masses for egg-laying (long-tailed mealybugs do not have cottony egg masses). Although adults and young larvae prefer to feed on mealybug eggs, older larvae will attack any mealybug stage. Adults can fly and cover large areas to search for food. If mealybugs are scarce, they will fly off in search of other related insects, e.g. aphids and soft scales, although reproduction is substantially greater on mealybugs.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, common name mealybug ladybird or mealybug destroyer, is a ladybird species.
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri can reach a length of about 6 millimetres (0.24 in). Adults of this species have the typical ladybird shape but, unlike many of the often brightly coloured Coccinellidae, the elytra of these small ladybirds are predominantly dark brown and have no spots. Head, antennae, pronotum, the end of the elytra and the legs are orange-brown. Larvae can reach a length of 14–15 millimetres (0.55–0.59 in). They show a waxy covering that makes them apparently look like the mealybugs they prey on, a case of aggressive mimicry.
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
Family : Coccinellidae
Genus : Cryptolaemus
Species : C. montrouzieri
Binomial name Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Mulsant, 1850
Leptoglossus gonagra
Passionvine bug
Passionvine bug
Leptoglossus gonagra, known as the passionvine bug, citron bug or squash bug in different parts of its range, is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It is found in Africa, the Caribbean, Central America, North America, South America, Southern Asia, the Pacific Ocean and Oceania.
This leaf-footed plant bug is elongated and about 18 mm (0.7 in) long and 6 mm (0.2 in) wide. The long antennae are banded in black and orange, and there is a pale orangish transverse band at the front of the broad plate covering the prothorax. The remaining surface is dark brown or a dull purplish-black, with small orange spots on the underside of the thorax and abdomen, and a pair of orange spots on the two rear, enlarged, flattened tibiae.
The female attaches chains of about 16 eggs in lines to twigs or stems of the host plant. These hatch after about a week and the nymphs moult five times as they grow. They are similar in appearance to the adults but are reddish when young with dark spines on head and thorax. They cluster together at first but later disperse more widely around the plant. Both adults and nymphs suck sap from the cells of the host plant, injecting toxic saliva, and this may cause the shoot to shrivel. Nymphal development takes about seven weeks and the whole life cycle takes nine or ten weeks. Females may lay a total of around sixty eggs and live for several weeks.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Family: Coreidae
Genus: Leptoglossus
Species: L. gonagra
Binomial name Leptoglossus gonagra
(Fabricius, 1775)
This leaf-footed plant bug is elongated and about 18 mm (0.7 in) long and 6 mm (0.2 in) wide. The long antennae are banded in black and orange, and there is a pale orangish transverse band at the front of the broad plate covering the prothorax. The remaining surface is dark brown or a dull purplish-black, with small orange spots on the underside of the thorax and abdomen, and a pair of orange spots on the two rear, enlarged, flattened tibiae.
The female attaches chains of about 16 eggs in lines to twigs or stems of the host plant. These hatch after about a week and the nymphs moult five times as they grow. They are similar in appearance to the adults but are reddish when young with dark spines on head and thorax. They cluster together at first but later disperse more widely around the plant. Both adults and nymphs suck sap from the cells of the host plant, injecting toxic saliva, and this may cause the shoot to shrivel. Nymphal development takes about seven weeks and the whole life cycle takes nine or ten weeks. Females may lay a total of around sixty eggs and live for several weeks.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Family: Coreidae
Genus: Leptoglossus
Species: L. gonagra
Binomial name Leptoglossus gonagra
(Fabricius, 1775)
Acanthaspis
A. nr quadriannulata
A. nr quadriannulata
Acanthaspis is a genus of assassin bugs. Members of the genus are known to disguise themselves by attaching bits of debris to aid in camouflage.
A. nr quadriannulata, Body generally dark brown with yellow markings. Hind lobe of pronotum with four obvious yellow patches. Lateral angles of pronotu acuminate
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Superfamily: Cimicomorpha
Family: Reduviidae
Subfamily: Reduviinae
Genus: Acanthaspis
Species : A. nr quadriannulata
Residency Status: Native
Binomial name Acanthaspis nr. quadriannulata
Miller, 1940
A. nr quadriannulata, Body generally dark brown with yellow markings. Hind lobe of pronotum with four obvious yellow patches. Lateral angles of pronotu acuminate
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Superfamily: Cimicomorpha
Family: Reduviidae
Subfamily: Reduviinae
Genus: Acanthaspis
Species : A. nr quadriannulata
Residency Status: Native
Binomial name Acanthaspis nr. quadriannulata
Miller, 1940
Some parts of body colour changes under uv lights.
Halyomorpha halys
Brown marmorated stink bug
Brown marmorated stink bug
The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an insect in the family Pentatomidae, native to China, Japan, Korea and other Asian regions.
The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants, including many agricultural crops.
Adult brown marmorated stink bugs are
approximately 1.7 cm (0.67 in) long and about as wide, forming the heraldic shield shape characteristic of bugs in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. They are generally a dark brown when viewed from above, with a creamy white-brown underside. Individual coloration may vary, with some bugs being various shades of red, grey, light brown, copper, or black.
The term "marmorated" means variegated or veined, like marble, which refers to the markings unique to this species, includes alternating light-colored bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen. The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding.
The nymph stages are black or very dark brown, with red integument between the sclerites.
First instar nymphs have no white markings, but second through fifth instar nymphs have black antennae with a single white band. The legs of nymphs are black with varying amounts of white banding. Freshly molted individuals of all stages are pale white with red markings. Eggs are normally laid on the underside of leaves in masses of 28 eggs, and are light green when laid, gradually turning white.
Like all stink bugs, the glands that produce the defensive chemicals (the "stink") are located on the underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs.
The odor from the stink bug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-octenal. The smell has been characterized as a "pungent odor that smells like coriander." The stink bug's ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply handling the bug, injuring it, or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor.
Reports on human cases are rare, but the stink bug's body fluids are toxic and irritating to the human skin and eyes. One case of keratitis has been reported.
During courtship, the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female, which replies with her own vibrational signals, as in all stink bugs.
The insects use the signals to recognize and locate each other. Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency, and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs, although the significance of this is not yet clear.
The brown marmorated stink bug is a sucking insect (like all Hemiptera or "true bugs") that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits, leaf stippling, seed loss, and possible transmission of plant pathogens.
It is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In Japan, it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Halyomorpha
Species: H. halys
Binomial name Halyomorpha halys
Stål, 1855
The nymphs and adults of the brown marmorated stink bug feed on over 100 species of plants, including many agricultural crops.
Adult brown marmorated stink bugs are
approximately 1.7 cm (0.67 in) long and about as wide, forming the heraldic shield shape characteristic of bugs in the superfamily Pentatomoidea. They are generally a dark brown when viewed from above, with a creamy white-brown underside. Individual coloration may vary, with some bugs being various shades of red, grey, light brown, copper, or black.
The term "marmorated" means variegated or veined, like marble, which refers to the markings unique to this species, includes alternating light-colored bands on the antennae and alternating dark bands on the thin outer edge of the abdomen. The legs are brown with faint white mottling or banding.
The nymph stages are black or very dark brown, with red integument between the sclerites.
First instar nymphs have no white markings, but second through fifth instar nymphs have black antennae with a single white band. The legs of nymphs are black with varying amounts of white banding. Freshly molted individuals of all stages are pale white with red markings. Eggs are normally laid on the underside of leaves in masses of 28 eggs, and are light green when laid, gradually turning white.
Like all stink bugs, the glands that produce the defensive chemicals (the "stink") are located on the underside of the thorax, between the first and second pair of legs.
The odor from the stink bug is due to trans-2-decenal and trans-2-octenal. The smell has been characterized as a "pungent odor that smells like coriander." The stink bug's ability to emit an odor through holes in its abdomen is a defense mechanism meant to prevent it from being eaten by birds and lizards. However, simply handling the bug, injuring it, or attempting to move it can trigger it to release the odor.
Reports on human cases are rare, but the stink bug's body fluids are toxic and irritating to the human skin and eyes. One case of keratitis has been reported.
During courtship, the male emits pheromones and vibrational signals to communicate with a female, which replies with her own vibrational signals, as in all stink bugs.
The insects use the signals to recognize and locate each other. Vibrational signals of this species are noted for their low frequency, and one male signal type is much longer than any other previously described signals in stink bugs, although the significance of this is not yet clear.
The brown marmorated stink bug is a sucking insect (like all Hemiptera or "true bugs") that uses its proboscis to pierce the host plant to feed. This feeding results, in part, in the formation of dimpled or necrotic areas on the outer surface of fruits, leaf stippling, seed loss, and possible transmission of plant pathogens.
It is an agricultural pest that can cause widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops. In Japan, it is a pest to soybean and fruit crops. In the U.S., the brown marmorated stink bug feeds, beginning in late May or early June, on a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and other host plants including peaches, apples, green beans, soybeans, cherries, raspberries, and pears.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Halyomorpha
Species: H. halys
Binomial name Halyomorpha halys
Stål, 1855
Physomerus grossipes
Sweetpotato bug
Sweetpotato bug
Physomerus is a genus of true bugs in the family Coreidae, subfamily Coreinae, tribe Acanthocorini; containing the notable pest species Physomerus grossipes (Fabricius, 1794). The genus was erected by Hermann Burmeister in 1835.
The sweetpotato bug (Physomerus grossipes) is a species of Hemiptera in the family Coreidae. Native to Southeast Asia, the species has immigrated to the Pacific Islands. Frequently laying its eggs on the same Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants on which it feeds, the female of P. grossipes is very protective of her young, notably guarding both eggs and nymphs from predators.
P.grossipes is brown in color with black legs, individuals grow to be about 2 cm (0.79 in) long. Like other Coreidae, P. grossipes is oval-shaped with segmented antennae, a numerously veined forewing membrane, a metathoracic stink gland, and enlarged hind tibia.
The insect feeds on Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants. In addition to the sweet potato from which it derives its common name, it frequents other plants of the genus Ipomoea, as well as catjang, Clitoria ternatea and the common bean.
Since the removal of juice from the stem in the insect's feeding causes the plant to wither and disrupts its production of fruit, P. grossipes is regarded as a pest.
The sweetpotato bug oviposits its eggs on the undersides of leaves or on the stems of the plants on which it feeds, as well as on neighboring sedges. A 1990 study found a mean clutch size of 83 eggs, although some egg deposits numbering twice that have been found, possibly representing the collected eggs of several insects.
The female of P. grossipes is very protective, providing the "best known example" of "maternal care in the large family Coreidae." Mothers guard their eggs, threatening and occasionally even rushing at the predators that approach them. In addition, P. grossipes generates a strong-smelling fluid from a metathoracic gland with which the mother sprays larger predators through the anal orifice.
In spite of this protection, about 20% of the eggs are eaten by predators such as ants, and 13% are lost to parasitoid predation by chalcid wasps, which lay their eggs within the eggs of P. grossipes. Losses to unguarded clutches are much higher. The surviving eggs hatch in roughly 15 days. The insect goes through five nymphal stages ranging from 85 days for males to 88 days for females before reaching full maturity.
After the eggs are hatched, the mother remains to guard the gregarious nymphs, feeding them predigested food. Mixed-age nymph groups have been observed, and several cases of multiple females guarding one nymph group have been documented.
Two mothers possibly are cooperating to guard their broods or an unmated female may assist to raise a brood that is not hers. Males have frequently been found near nymph groups and may also be present to supply protection to the brood.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Coreidae
Subfamily: Coreinae
Genus: Physomerus
Species: P. grossipes
Binomial name Physomerus grossipes
(Fabricius, 1794)
The sweetpotato bug (Physomerus grossipes) is a species of Hemiptera in the family Coreidae. Native to Southeast Asia, the species has immigrated to the Pacific Islands. Frequently laying its eggs on the same Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants on which it feeds, the female of P. grossipes is very protective of her young, notably guarding both eggs and nymphs from predators.
P.grossipes is brown in color with black legs, individuals grow to be about 2 cm (0.79 in) long. Like other Coreidae, P. grossipes is oval-shaped with segmented antennae, a numerously veined forewing membrane, a metathoracic stink gland, and enlarged hind tibia.
The insect feeds on Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae plants. In addition to the sweet potato from which it derives its common name, it frequents other plants of the genus Ipomoea, as well as catjang, Clitoria ternatea and the common bean.
Since the removal of juice from the stem in the insect's feeding causes the plant to wither and disrupts its production of fruit, P. grossipes is regarded as a pest.
The sweetpotato bug oviposits its eggs on the undersides of leaves or on the stems of the plants on which it feeds, as well as on neighboring sedges. A 1990 study found a mean clutch size of 83 eggs, although some egg deposits numbering twice that have been found, possibly representing the collected eggs of several insects.
The female of P. grossipes is very protective, providing the "best known example" of "maternal care in the large family Coreidae." Mothers guard their eggs, threatening and occasionally even rushing at the predators that approach them. In addition, P. grossipes generates a strong-smelling fluid from a metathoracic gland with which the mother sprays larger predators through the anal orifice.
In spite of this protection, about 20% of the eggs are eaten by predators such as ants, and 13% are lost to parasitoid predation by chalcid wasps, which lay their eggs within the eggs of P. grossipes. Losses to unguarded clutches are much higher. The surviving eggs hatch in roughly 15 days. The insect goes through five nymphal stages ranging from 85 days for males to 88 days for females before reaching full maturity.
After the eggs are hatched, the mother remains to guard the gregarious nymphs, feeding them predigested food. Mixed-age nymph groups have been observed, and several cases of multiple females guarding one nymph group have been documented.
Two mothers possibly are cooperating to guard their broods or an unmated female may assist to raise a brood that is not hers. Males have frequently been found near nymph groups and may also be present to supply protection to the brood.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Coreidae
Subfamily: Coreinae
Genus: Physomerus
Species: P. grossipes
Binomial name Physomerus grossipes
(Fabricius, 1794)
Chinavia hilaris
green stink bug
green stink bug
Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs, it is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.
As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.
All pentatomids have 5-segmented antennae, and 3 tarsal segments on each foot. They generally have a large triangular scutellum in the center of the back. The body shape of adult pentatomids is generally "shieldlike," when viewed from above, but this varies between species, and is not true for the immature nymphal stages.
The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous. At rest, the wings are laid across the back of the insect, with the membranous wingtips overlapping. The hindwings are entirely membranous.
Several stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pests, because they can grow into large populations that feed on crops, damaging production, and they are resistant to many pesticides. They are a threat to cotton, corn, sorghum, soybeans, native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds, and many cultivated crops.
The green stink bug or green soldier bug (Chinavia hilaris) is a stink bug of the family Pentatomidae.
The species was previously placed in the genus Acrosternum but has been classified as in the genus Chinavia in the more recent literature (e.g., Schwertner and Grazia, 2006). However, the Entomological Society of America has not officially recognized this change despite this shift in scientific naming.
The green stink bug's color is typically bright green, with narrow yellow, orange, or reddish edges. It is a large, shield-shaped bug with an elongate, oval form and a length between 13 and 18 mm. It can be differentiated from the species Nezara viridula by its black outermost three antennal segments.
Its anterolateral, in front and away from the middle pronotal margin is rather straight and not strongly arced such as in Chinavia pensylvanica. Both adults and nymphs have large stink glands on the underside of the thorax extending more than half-way to the edge of the metapleuron.
They discharge large amounts of this foul-smelling liquid when disturbed. This liquid, dried and pulverized, was once used at industrial level to reinforce the smell of some acids. Now it's been replaced by artificial composites.
It is found in orchards, gardens, woodlands and crop fields feeding with their needle-like mouthparts on the juices of a wide variety of plants.
Adults develop a preference for developing seeds and thus become crop pests (tomato, bean, pea, cotton, soybean, eggplant). When no seeds are present, they also feed on stems and foliage, thus damaging several fruit trees, such as the apple, cherry, orange and peach trees.
Green stink bugs frequent noncrop hosts more than other stink bug species earlier in the season. Plants such as black cherry, elderberry, mimosa and pecan exist as farmscape edges, which provide immature organisms a safe location to develop and a gateway to agricultural fields.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Chinavia
Species: C. hilaris
Binomial name Chinavia hilaris
Say, 1832
As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.
All pentatomids have 5-segmented antennae, and 3 tarsal segments on each foot. They generally have a large triangular scutellum in the center of the back. The body shape of adult pentatomids is generally "shieldlike," when viewed from above, but this varies between species, and is not true for the immature nymphal stages.
The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous. At rest, the wings are laid across the back of the insect, with the membranous wingtips overlapping. The hindwings are entirely membranous.
Several stink bugs and shield bugs are considered agricultural pests, because they can grow into large populations that feed on crops, damaging production, and they are resistant to many pesticides. They are a threat to cotton, corn, sorghum, soybeans, native and ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, weeds, and many cultivated crops.
The green stink bug or green soldier bug (Chinavia hilaris) is a stink bug of the family Pentatomidae.
The species was previously placed in the genus Acrosternum but has been classified as in the genus Chinavia in the more recent literature (e.g., Schwertner and Grazia, 2006). However, the Entomological Society of America has not officially recognized this change despite this shift in scientific naming.
The green stink bug's color is typically bright green, with narrow yellow, orange, or reddish edges. It is a large, shield-shaped bug with an elongate, oval form and a length between 13 and 18 mm. It can be differentiated from the species Nezara viridula by its black outermost three antennal segments.
Its anterolateral, in front and away from the middle pronotal margin is rather straight and not strongly arced such as in Chinavia pensylvanica. Both adults and nymphs have large stink glands on the underside of the thorax extending more than half-way to the edge of the metapleuron.
They discharge large amounts of this foul-smelling liquid when disturbed. This liquid, dried and pulverized, was once used at industrial level to reinforce the smell of some acids. Now it's been replaced by artificial composites.
It is found in orchards, gardens, woodlands and crop fields feeding with their needle-like mouthparts on the juices of a wide variety of plants.
Adults develop a preference for developing seeds and thus become crop pests (tomato, bean, pea, cotton, soybean, eggplant). When no seeds are present, they also feed on stems and foliage, thus damaging several fruit trees, such as the apple, cherry, orange and peach trees.
Green stink bugs frequent noncrop hosts more than other stink bug species earlier in the season. Plants such as black cherry, elderberry, mimosa and pecan exist as farmscape edges, which provide immature organisms a safe location to develop and a gateway to agricultural fields.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Chinavia
Species: C. hilaris
Binomial name Chinavia hilaris
Say, 1832
Batocera rubus
Mango Longhorn beetle
Mango Longhorn beetle
Batocera is a genus of the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae, close to the genus Rosenbergia.
Batocera rubus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is known from Japan, China, Java, India, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia,
Singapore, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam. It feeds on Ficus carica, Ficus elastica, and Mangifera indica.
Common names: Rubber Root Borer; Lateral-banded Mango Longhorn; Mango Longhorn, White-spotted Longhorn.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Cerambycidae
Subfamily: Lamiinae
Genus: Batocera
Species: B. rubus
Binomial name Batocera rubus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Batocera rubus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is known from Japan, China, Java, India, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia,
Singapore, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam. It feeds on Ficus carica, Ficus elastica, and Mangifera indica.
Common names: Rubber Root Borer; Lateral-banded Mango Longhorn; Mango Longhorn, White-spotted Longhorn.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Cerambycidae
Subfamily: Lamiinae
Genus: Batocera
Species: B. rubus
Binomial name Batocera rubus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Handsome fungus beetles larva
( Endomychidae )
( Endomychidae )
The life cycle of a beetle is defined by four stages.
Beetles, like all insects and other arthropods, go through distinct changes in form throughout their life cycle. This change in form is known as
metamorphosis.
The mating ritual of some beetle species can be compared to battles between Roman gladiators. In certain species, beetles will fight to the death – males against males, and females against females – until only one pair remains.
This process, which may seem extreme, ensures that the strongest of their kind will produce offspring. Once the victorious male and female join, the mating process can take a few minutes to several hours.
The life cycle of a beetle is known as a complete metamorphosis, meaning it has four very different stages: egg, larval, pupal and adult.
The female beetle, depending on the species, will lay hundreds of small white or yellow eggs. The eggs can be deposited in decaying leaves, rotten wood and even animal feces. Some beetles keep their eggs inside and give birth to live larvae.
Beetle larvae are grub or worm-like in appearance and have voracious appetites. It is in this stage that wood-destroying beetles, such as powderpost and Longhorned beetles, do their damage to structures.
The larvae of these beetles feed on the cellulose structure of timber, eating the wood from the inside out.
As the larvae begin to grow, they need to discard the outer covering of their bodies, known as the exoskeleton, to provide more room. This shedding, called "molting," may occur between seven to 10 times before the larvae enter the pupal stage.
This stage of the beetle life cycle is where the greatest change in form takes place. The worm-like larvae form the pupa or cocoon as it often called, then lay dormant.
During this stage, the larva begin to take the shape of the adult beetle. The time period to reach adulthood from the pupal stage varies dramatically among different types of beetles. Some take as little as 30 days while others may take up to two to three years to fully develop. Once adulthood is reached, the fully mature beetle emerges from the cocoon and begins another life cycle all over again.
The adult stage is the final stage in the life cycle of a beetle. Adults are found in many sizes, shapes and colors. Some adults have large mandibles for catching their prey and for defense from predators. Some species, such as the Cerambycid beetle, resemble wasps to fool predators in to staying away. Other species can emit poisonous or distasteful substances to ward off their enemies.
Handsome fungus beetles larva ( Endomychidae )
or handsome fungus beetles, is a family of beetles with representatives found in all biogeographic realms.
There are around 120 genera and 1300 species. The family was established based on the type genus Endomychus, a genus erected in 1795 by Panzer which was applied to a species that Linnaeus called Chrysomela coccinea.
As the common name suggests, Endomychidae feed on fungi. Crowson, in his influential treatment of the beetles, placed the family within the Cucujoidea. They have a tarsal formal of 4-4-4 or 3-3-3 and the wings lack a closed radial cell.
The second antennal segment has a sensory appendage that is as long as the third antennal segment. The family has also been grouped with the Coccinellidae in a group called the Trimera for having pseudotrimerous tarsi.
A 2015 molecular phylogeny study found that the Cucujoidea were found to be non-monophyletic and the Endomychidae was refined with the removal of the Anamorphinae from within the family and elevated to the status of a full family, Anamorphidae.
Mycetaeinae and Eupsilobiinae were also found not to belong within the clades of the core Endomychidae, and likewise reclassified into the families Mycetaeidae and Eupsilobiidae.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Superfamily: Coccinelloidea
Family: Endomychidae
Leach, 1815
Type genus Endomychus
Beetles, like all insects and other arthropods, go through distinct changes in form throughout their life cycle. This change in form is known as
metamorphosis.
The mating ritual of some beetle species can be compared to battles between Roman gladiators. In certain species, beetles will fight to the death – males against males, and females against females – until only one pair remains.
This process, which may seem extreme, ensures that the strongest of their kind will produce offspring. Once the victorious male and female join, the mating process can take a few minutes to several hours.
The life cycle of a beetle is known as a complete metamorphosis, meaning it has four very different stages: egg, larval, pupal and adult.
The female beetle, depending on the species, will lay hundreds of small white or yellow eggs. The eggs can be deposited in decaying leaves, rotten wood and even animal feces. Some beetles keep their eggs inside and give birth to live larvae.
Beetle larvae are grub or worm-like in appearance and have voracious appetites. It is in this stage that wood-destroying beetles, such as powderpost and Longhorned beetles, do their damage to structures.
The larvae of these beetles feed on the cellulose structure of timber, eating the wood from the inside out.
As the larvae begin to grow, they need to discard the outer covering of their bodies, known as the exoskeleton, to provide more room. This shedding, called "molting," may occur between seven to 10 times before the larvae enter the pupal stage.
This stage of the beetle life cycle is where the greatest change in form takes place. The worm-like larvae form the pupa or cocoon as it often called, then lay dormant.
During this stage, the larva begin to take the shape of the adult beetle. The time period to reach adulthood from the pupal stage varies dramatically among different types of beetles. Some take as little as 30 days while others may take up to two to three years to fully develop. Once adulthood is reached, the fully mature beetle emerges from the cocoon and begins another life cycle all over again.
The adult stage is the final stage in the life cycle of a beetle. Adults are found in many sizes, shapes and colors. Some adults have large mandibles for catching their prey and for defense from predators. Some species, such as the Cerambycid beetle, resemble wasps to fool predators in to staying away. Other species can emit poisonous or distasteful substances to ward off their enemies.
Handsome fungus beetles larva ( Endomychidae )
or handsome fungus beetles, is a family of beetles with representatives found in all biogeographic realms.
There are around 120 genera and 1300 species. The family was established based on the type genus Endomychus, a genus erected in 1795 by Panzer which was applied to a species that Linnaeus called Chrysomela coccinea.
As the common name suggests, Endomychidae feed on fungi. Crowson, in his influential treatment of the beetles, placed the family within the Cucujoidea. They have a tarsal formal of 4-4-4 or 3-3-3 and the wings lack a closed radial cell.
The second antennal segment has a sensory appendage that is as long as the third antennal segment. The family has also been grouped with the Coccinellidae in a group called the Trimera for having pseudotrimerous tarsi.
A 2015 molecular phylogeny study found that the Cucujoidea were found to be non-monophyletic and the Endomychidae was refined with the removal of the Anamorphinae from within the family and elevated to the status of a full family, Anamorphidae.
Mycetaeinae and Eupsilobiinae were also found not to belong within the clades of the core Endomychidae, and likewise reclassified into the families Mycetaeidae and Eupsilobiidae.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Superfamily: Coccinelloidea
Family: Endomychidae
Leach, 1815
Type genus Endomychus
Dalpada trimaculata
Stink bug
Stink bug
Pentatomidae is a family of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera, generally called shield bugs or stink bugs. Pentatomidae is the largest family in the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.
Species in this subfamily are phytophages and several of them are considered agricultural pests.
As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.
Stinkbug is a common name for several insects and may refer to any of several bugs in the true bug (hemipteran) family Pentatomidae.
Stink bugs are generally medium sized shield-shaped insects with broad 'shoulders' and have a relatively straight sided, bluntly rounded abdomen.
Stink bugs possess a dorsal, triangular shaped, shield on their backs. All stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Stink bug eggs are somewhat barrel-shaped and are deposited on end in closely packed clusters. Egg coloration, cluster size and arrangement of eggs within the cluster varies with species. Eggs clusters are generally laid on the underside of leaves and hatch in about 5 days. Typically all eggs in a cluster will hatch within 1-1.5 hours of each other.
Stink bugs feed on developing seed of many hosts including trees, shrubs, vines, weeds and many cultivated crops. They may also feed on the stems and foliage when seed are not present.
Nymphs and adults of both kinds of stink bugs pierce plants with their needlelike mouthparts and suck sap from pods, buds, blossoms and seeds.
The degree of damage depends, to some extent, on the developmental stage of the plant when it is pierced by stink bugs. Immature fruit and pods punctured by bugs become deformed as they develop. Seeds are often flattened and shriveled. Germination is reduced.
Stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts with which they puncture plant tissue and remove sap. The greatest damage results from feeding on fruiting structures. As it heals, the feeding site becomes hard and darkens. Seeds fed upon may be shriveled, deformed and shrunken, or may simply bear a dark spot and depression at the feeding site, depending on the stage of development when attacked.
Stinkbugs move slowly and are easily outrun. When engaged, their eyes glow. They bite threats while at close range. Stinkbugs may also release gas into the surrounding area. While preparing to release the gas, they raise their back-ends. The gas deals wide damage over time. There is a short period before gas can be spread again.
The Stinkbug is hostile toward the player. When the player is spotted, it charges until within distance and may release gas into the surrounding area or continue charging. It bites while at close range. It will not flee when attacked.
Stinkbugs appear to be hostile toward all other creatures. Stinkbugs' gas clouds cause many creatures to defend themselves and become hostile. They exhibit their normal threat behavior when attacking.
In reality, the gas that a stinkbug produces is non-toxic. Even if you were really small, the gas would simply smell terrible.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Dalpada trimaculata
Species: D. trimaculata
Species in this subfamily are phytophages and several of them are considered agricultural pests.
As hemipterans, the pentatomids have piercing sucking mouthparts, and most are phytophagous, including several species which are severe pests on agricultural crops. However, some species, particularly in the subfamily Asopinae, are predatory and may be considered beneficial.
Stinkbug is a common name for several insects and may refer to any of several bugs in the true bug (hemipteran) family Pentatomidae.
Stink bugs are generally medium sized shield-shaped insects with broad 'shoulders' and have a relatively straight sided, bluntly rounded abdomen.
Stink bugs possess a dorsal, triangular shaped, shield on their backs. All stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Stink bug eggs are somewhat barrel-shaped and are deposited on end in closely packed clusters. Egg coloration, cluster size and arrangement of eggs within the cluster varies with species. Eggs clusters are generally laid on the underside of leaves and hatch in about 5 days. Typically all eggs in a cluster will hatch within 1-1.5 hours of each other.
Stink bugs feed on developing seed of many hosts including trees, shrubs, vines, weeds and many cultivated crops. They may also feed on the stems and foliage when seed are not present.
Nymphs and adults of both kinds of stink bugs pierce plants with their needlelike mouthparts and suck sap from pods, buds, blossoms and seeds.
The degree of damage depends, to some extent, on the developmental stage of the plant when it is pierced by stink bugs. Immature fruit and pods punctured by bugs become deformed as they develop. Seeds are often flattened and shriveled. Germination is reduced.
Stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts with which they puncture plant tissue and remove sap. The greatest damage results from feeding on fruiting structures. As it heals, the feeding site becomes hard and darkens. Seeds fed upon may be shriveled, deformed and shrunken, or may simply bear a dark spot and depression at the feeding site, depending on the stage of development when attacked.
Stinkbugs move slowly and are easily outrun. When engaged, their eyes glow. They bite threats while at close range. Stinkbugs may also release gas into the surrounding area. While preparing to release the gas, they raise their back-ends. The gas deals wide damage over time. There is a short period before gas can be spread again.
The Stinkbug is hostile toward the player. When the player is spotted, it charges until within distance and may release gas into the surrounding area or continue charging. It bites while at close range. It will not flee when attacked.
Stinkbugs appear to be hostile toward all other creatures. Stinkbugs' gas clouds cause many creatures to defend themselves and become hostile. They exhibit their normal threat behavior when attacking.
In reality, the gas that a stinkbug produces is non-toxic. Even if you were really small, the gas would simply smell terrible.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Pentatomidae
Genus: Dalpada trimaculata
Species: D. trimaculata
Odontotaenius disjunctus
Patent-leather beetle
Patent-leather beetle
The patent-leather beetle or horned passalus (Odontotaenius disjunctus) is a saproxylic beetle in the family Passalidae (bess beetles) which can grow to just over an inch-and-a-half long, weigh 1-2 grams and are capable of pulling 50 times their own weight. They have been used to study several aspects of general family characteristics since the early 1900s but remain a relatively unknown species within the diverse Coleoptera order.
O. disjunctus is most commonly found in climates with higher humidity, mainly in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, and also widely distributed in temperate North American forests.
O.disjunctus beetles are usually found under, or inside, old logs or stumps and are rarely observed outside of their wooden habitats.
These beetles can be found in rotting logs (oak and hickory especially), this specific locale offers unique benefits in regards to protection from predators and external abiotic factors such temperature and precipitation. There is a level of stability with the two factors mentioned, the water retention in the wood helps to keep temperatures stable while aiding in further decomposition of the log itself.
The regulation of this environment allows for both day and night activity. Larvae can reach adulthood in as little as 3 months due to a rich food source, with the average lifespan of an adulthood being up to one year. Adults are only found outside of their log when they are searching for a new mate, or a new log in which to burrow. Daily movements tend to be limited to within their log, any movements outside of the log are not as predictable and occur much less frequently.
These beetles are shiny black, and have many long grooves on their elytra. They have a small horn between their eyes, and clubbed antennae. Females and males are difficult to distinguish based on external appearances alone. There appears to be no sexual dimorphism between the two sexes, both tend to be equal in size and overall strength capabilities. Large size may be in part a result of exploiting a niche that provides an unlimited food source of rotting wood material. Although flight is possible, these beetles predominantly walk as their main form of locomotion, they will walk long distances rather than flying.
Parasitic infections are common but not well known, external and internal parasites have been documented. A nematode parasite, Chondronema passali, inhabits the abdominal cavity has been shown to effect stress responses in these beetles, although the results are relatively small, they do show that O. disjunctus is not only infected by parasites but are negatively impacted by them.
Males will often compete for females and territory like most beetle species, using their horn-like structure to flip and overturn their opponents. The strength of these beetles also tends to increase in times of stress, however, even in times without stimulation male beetles will exert an impressive amount of force onto a target.
Patent-leather beetles like to eat logs of certain trees, in which the wood is dead and decaying. They eat deciduous trees, such as oaks and elm. Wood inhabited by these beetles is usually well decomposed and falls apart readily. This unique food source prevents competition as these beetles have chosen a food source that is not highly sought after by other organisms due to the material being indigestible for most. Adults feed primarily on wood, while larvae stages eat materials composed of fungi, wood and parental secretions.
Burrowing within rotting logs offers the triturated wood that is a staple in the diet of these beetles, this wood is consumed widely by the males and then further broken down through the digestive tract, and eventually expelled for the eventual re- consumption by all family members.
When disturbed, adults can produce a squeaking sound by rubbing their wings on the abdomen. This is called stridulation, and is often easy to hear, both adult and larvae are capable of producing these sounds. This is used for communication within the colony, to communicate danger, courtship, disturbance and solo activities. These four general categories can be further examined into more specific signals and patterns.
The acoustic repertoire of O. disjunctus can be broken down into bars, pulses and phonatomes, these are used to identify intra- and interspecific variations. These sounds are produced specifically from when areas of the sixth abdominal tergite rasp against an area on the ventral side of each folded metathoracic wing.
Many patent-leather beetles may live together in a colony in the same log and several colonies may be found within the same rotting log depending on the size. However, only one pair of beetles is typically found in a single tunnel/burrow system, but a single large log may offer space for multiple pairs to be present.
These beetles make tunnels in the wood; inside the galleries, the beetles will mate, lay eggs, and watch over their offspring. The adults feed the larvae a chewed-up mixture of wood chips and feces. The larvae cannot feed themselves and take a year to develop. Being presocial beetles, the larvae are typically taken care of by the parents and young offspring. This cooperative brood care is beneficial to all individuals involved, larvae receive optimal care and young adults are able remain in the burrow to increase fitness and wait for favorable conditions before exiting the log.
Offspring rely heavily on parental care for protection and nourishment, food is mixed with secretions by the parent before the larvae can feed. Reproduction appears to be affected by seasonality, with summer months being the time in which females lay majority of their eggs.
O.disjunctus remain in monogamous pairs, during the breeding season (early spring until late summer) they will repeatedly copulate and produce anywhere from 20-35 eggs over the time period. Offspring remain in the parental tunnel for the rest of the year, overwinter, and then disperse in the following late spring. Infanticidal behavior has been observed, and is most likely to occur in the event of a burrow take over by a male or female that has not yet had the chance to mate due to limited access to an empty burrow.
The patent-leather beetle is considered beneficial in its activities to decompose dead wood, and is harmless to humans. The increase in habitat loss due to deforestation for agriculture has caused a decline in populations as they do not react well to fragmentation. Studies reveal that a decrease in suitable habitat and increased open areas between forests have been the two leading causes of population decline and potential extirpation of some areas. Shrinking habitat would also cause an increase in competition and infanticidal behaviors, further straining reproductive success.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Passalidae
Genus: Odontotaenius
Species: O. disjunctus
Binomial name Odontotaenius disjunctus
(Illiger, 1800)
O. disjunctus is most commonly found in climates with higher humidity, mainly in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, and also widely distributed in temperate North American forests.
O.disjunctus beetles are usually found under, or inside, old logs or stumps and are rarely observed outside of their wooden habitats.
These beetles can be found in rotting logs (oak and hickory especially), this specific locale offers unique benefits in regards to protection from predators and external abiotic factors such temperature and precipitation. There is a level of stability with the two factors mentioned, the water retention in the wood helps to keep temperatures stable while aiding in further decomposition of the log itself.
The regulation of this environment allows for both day and night activity. Larvae can reach adulthood in as little as 3 months due to a rich food source, with the average lifespan of an adulthood being up to one year. Adults are only found outside of their log when they are searching for a new mate, or a new log in which to burrow. Daily movements tend to be limited to within their log, any movements outside of the log are not as predictable and occur much less frequently.
These beetles are shiny black, and have many long grooves on their elytra. They have a small horn between their eyes, and clubbed antennae. Females and males are difficult to distinguish based on external appearances alone. There appears to be no sexual dimorphism between the two sexes, both tend to be equal in size and overall strength capabilities. Large size may be in part a result of exploiting a niche that provides an unlimited food source of rotting wood material. Although flight is possible, these beetles predominantly walk as their main form of locomotion, they will walk long distances rather than flying.
Parasitic infections are common but not well known, external and internal parasites have been documented. A nematode parasite, Chondronema passali, inhabits the abdominal cavity has been shown to effect stress responses in these beetles, although the results are relatively small, they do show that O. disjunctus is not only infected by parasites but are negatively impacted by them.
Males will often compete for females and territory like most beetle species, using their horn-like structure to flip and overturn their opponents. The strength of these beetles also tends to increase in times of stress, however, even in times without stimulation male beetles will exert an impressive amount of force onto a target.
Patent-leather beetles like to eat logs of certain trees, in which the wood is dead and decaying. They eat deciduous trees, such as oaks and elm. Wood inhabited by these beetles is usually well decomposed and falls apart readily. This unique food source prevents competition as these beetles have chosen a food source that is not highly sought after by other organisms due to the material being indigestible for most. Adults feed primarily on wood, while larvae stages eat materials composed of fungi, wood and parental secretions.
Burrowing within rotting logs offers the triturated wood that is a staple in the diet of these beetles, this wood is consumed widely by the males and then further broken down through the digestive tract, and eventually expelled for the eventual re- consumption by all family members.
When disturbed, adults can produce a squeaking sound by rubbing their wings on the abdomen. This is called stridulation, and is often easy to hear, both adult and larvae are capable of producing these sounds. This is used for communication within the colony, to communicate danger, courtship, disturbance and solo activities. These four general categories can be further examined into more specific signals and patterns.
The acoustic repertoire of O. disjunctus can be broken down into bars, pulses and phonatomes, these are used to identify intra- and interspecific variations. These sounds are produced specifically from when areas of the sixth abdominal tergite rasp against an area on the ventral side of each folded metathoracic wing.
Many patent-leather beetles may live together in a colony in the same log and several colonies may be found within the same rotting log depending on the size. However, only one pair of beetles is typically found in a single tunnel/burrow system, but a single large log may offer space for multiple pairs to be present.
These beetles make tunnels in the wood; inside the galleries, the beetles will mate, lay eggs, and watch over their offspring. The adults feed the larvae a chewed-up mixture of wood chips and feces. The larvae cannot feed themselves and take a year to develop. Being presocial beetles, the larvae are typically taken care of by the parents and young offspring. This cooperative brood care is beneficial to all individuals involved, larvae receive optimal care and young adults are able remain in the burrow to increase fitness and wait for favorable conditions before exiting the log.
Offspring rely heavily on parental care for protection and nourishment, food is mixed with secretions by the parent before the larvae can feed. Reproduction appears to be affected by seasonality, with summer months being the time in which females lay majority of their eggs.
O.disjunctus remain in monogamous pairs, during the breeding season (early spring until late summer) they will repeatedly copulate and produce anywhere from 20-35 eggs over the time period. Offspring remain in the parental tunnel for the rest of the year, overwinter, and then disperse in the following late spring. Infanticidal behavior has been observed, and is most likely to occur in the event of a burrow take over by a male or female that has not yet had the chance to mate due to limited access to an empty burrow.
The patent-leather beetle is considered beneficial in its activities to decompose dead wood, and is harmless to humans. The increase in habitat loss due to deforestation for agriculture has caused a decline in populations as they do not react well to fragmentation. Studies reveal that a decrease in suitable habitat and increased open areas between forests have been the two leading causes of population decline and potential extirpation of some areas. Shrinking habitat would also cause an increase in competition and infanticidal behaviors, further straining reproductive success.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Passalidae
Genus: Odontotaenius
Species: O. disjunctus
Binomial name Odontotaenius disjunctus
(Illiger, 1800)
Pycanum rubens
Giant stink bug
Giant stink bug
Pycanum rubens nymph
Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera.
Tessaratomids resemble large stink bugs (family Pentatomidae) and are sometimes quite colorful. Most tessaratomids are Old World, with only three species known from the Neotropics.
Some members of Tessaratomidae exhibit maternal care of eggs and offspring. The defensive chemicals of certain species can cause significant damage if they come into contact with human skin; they may also cause temporary blindness.
All species are exclusively plant-eaters, some of major economic importance as agricultural pests. A few species are also consumed as human food in some countries.
Pycanum rubens is a species of giant stink bug in the family Tessaratomidae. The species is widespread, and has been recorded in Borneo, Burma, China (Yunnan), India (Hindustan), Indonesia, Java, the Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam and Singapore.
Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera.
Tessaratomids resemble large stink bugs (family Pentatomidae) and are sometimes quite colorful. Most tessaratomids are Old World, with only three species known from the Neotropics. Some members of Tessaratomidae exhibit maternal care of eggs and offspring. The defensive chemicals of certain species can cause significant damage if they come into contact with human skin; they may also cause temporary blindness.
All species are exclusively plant-eaters, some of major economic importance as agricultural pests. A few species are also consumed as human food in some countries.
Larger species of Tessaratomidae are known informally as giant shield bugs, giant stink bugs, or inflated stink bugs, but they generally do not have a collective common name and are referred to mostly as tessaratomids.
Tessaratomids are ovate to elongate-ovate bugs. They range in size from the smallest members of the tribe Sepinini at 6 to 7 mm (0.24 to 0.28 in), to the large Amissus atlas of tribe Tessaratomini at 43 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in). They are generally quite large and usually exceed 15 mm (0.59 in) in length.
The head of tessaratomids is generally small and triangular, with the antennae having 4 to 5 segments (though some of them, for example Siphnus, have relatively large heads).
The scutellum (Latin for 'little shield', the hard extension of the thorax covering the abdomen in hemipterans) is triangular and does not cover the leathery middle section of the forewing but is often partially covered by the prothorax.
The tarsi (the final segments of the legs) have 2 to 3 segments. They are most reliably distinguished from pentatomids by having six exposed abdominal spiracles instead of five.
Like all hemipterans, instead of mandibles for chewing, tesseratomids possess a piercing-sucking mouthpart for feeding (known as the rostrum). In tesseratomids, the rostrum has 4 segments.
Tessaratomids are oftentimes vividly colored. All tessaratomids are phytophagous. They generally feed upon plants belonging to the plant orders Rosales and Sapindales, and spend most of their lives in tree leaves and stems. They exhibit incomplete metamorphosis and have lifespans that can be several years.
Some tessaratomids guard their eggs and nymphs from predators which may include parasitoid wasps and assassin bugs.
The eggs of tessaratomids are barrel-shaped or globular. The eggs exhibit a ring of small protuberances, known as micropylar process, which permit entry of sperm for fertilization into the eggs (through micropylar canals). They also provide openings for air for the developing embryos.
The eggs are laid in compact clusters glued to the leaves of a variety of plants. The laying arrangement can follow a pattern. For example, in Pygoplatys tenangau, the egg clusters are distinctively hexagonal; while in Piezosternum subulatum, they are arranged in two neat rows. The eggs are usually initially white, cream, or yellow in color but can change as the embryos inside mature.
Nymphs emerge from the eggs through peristaltic movements and with the help of an internal nearly H-shaped structure in the egg known as the 'egg burster'.
As in other hemipterans, tessaratomids are hemimetabolic, undergoing incomplete metamorphosis. This means that they do not possess larval and pupal stages. Instead, juvenile tessaratomids (called nymphs), hatch directly from the eggs. The nymphs resemble fully grown adults except for size and the absence of wings.
Nymphs usually undergo four to five successive stages of moltings (ecdysis), increasing in size and becoming more adult-like with each stage until the final molting. The stages are individually known as instars, with the earliest stage (just after hatching) being known as the first nymphal instar. Nymphs may also differ significantly from adults in colors and patterns exhibited. In some species, nymphs often exhibit strikingly vibrant colors in contrast to the relative drabness of adults. The colors can also vary between instars. Mating between adults can last for several hours, with the male and female attached end-to-end.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Tessaratomidae
Genus: Pycanum
Species: P. rubens
Binomial name Pycanum rubens
(Fabricius, 1794)
Tessaratomids resemble large stink bugs (family Pentatomidae) and are sometimes quite colorful. Most tessaratomids are Old World, with only three species known from the Neotropics.
Some members of Tessaratomidae exhibit maternal care of eggs and offspring. The defensive chemicals of certain species can cause significant damage if they come into contact with human skin; they may also cause temporary blindness.
All species are exclusively plant-eaters, some of major economic importance as agricultural pests. A few species are also consumed as human food in some countries.
Pycanum rubens is a species of giant stink bug in the family Tessaratomidae. The species is widespread, and has been recorded in Borneo, Burma, China (Yunnan), India (Hindustan), Indonesia, Java, the Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Vietnam and Singapore.
Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera.
Tessaratomids resemble large stink bugs (family Pentatomidae) and are sometimes quite colorful. Most tessaratomids are Old World, with only three species known from the Neotropics. Some members of Tessaratomidae exhibit maternal care of eggs and offspring. The defensive chemicals of certain species can cause significant damage if they come into contact with human skin; they may also cause temporary blindness.
All species are exclusively plant-eaters, some of major economic importance as agricultural pests. A few species are also consumed as human food in some countries.
Larger species of Tessaratomidae are known informally as giant shield bugs, giant stink bugs, or inflated stink bugs, but they generally do not have a collective common name and are referred to mostly as tessaratomids.
Tessaratomids are ovate to elongate-ovate bugs. They range in size from the smallest members of the tribe Sepinini at 6 to 7 mm (0.24 to 0.28 in), to the large Amissus atlas of tribe Tessaratomini at 43 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in). They are generally quite large and usually exceed 15 mm (0.59 in) in length.
The head of tessaratomids is generally small and triangular, with the antennae having 4 to 5 segments (though some of them, for example Siphnus, have relatively large heads).
The scutellum (Latin for 'little shield', the hard extension of the thorax covering the abdomen in hemipterans) is triangular and does not cover the leathery middle section of the forewing but is often partially covered by the prothorax.
The tarsi (the final segments of the legs) have 2 to 3 segments. They are most reliably distinguished from pentatomids by having six exposed abdominal spiracles instead of five.
Like all hemipterans, instead of mandibles for chewing, tesseratomids possess a piercing-sucking mouthpart for feeding (known as the rostrum). In tesseratomids, the rostrum has 4 segments.
Tessaratomids are oftentimes vividly colored. All tessaratomids are phytophagous. They generally feed upon plants belonging to the plant orders Rosales and Sapindales, and spend most of their lives in tree leaves and stems. They exhibit incomplete metamorphosis and have lifespans that can be several years.
Some tessaratomids guard their eggs and nymphs from predators which may include parasitoid wasps and assassin bugs.
The eggs of tessaratomids are barrel-shaped or globular. The eggs exhibit a ring of small protuberances, known as micropylar process, which permit entry of sperm for fertilization into the eggs (through micropylar canals). They also provide openings for air for the developing embryos.
The eggs are laid in compact clusters glued to the leaves of a variety of plants. The laying arrangement can follow a pattern. For example, in Pygoplatys tenangau, the egg clusters are distinctively hexagonal; while in Piezosternum subulatum, they are arranged in two neat rows. The eggs are usually initially white, cream, or yellow in color but can change as the embryos inside mature.
Nymphs emerge from the eggs through peristaltic movements and with the help of an internal nearly H-shaped structure in the egg known as the 'egg burster'.
As in other hemipterans, tessaratomids are hemimetabolic, undergoing incomplete metamorphosis. This means that they do not possess larval and pupal stages. Instead, juvenile tessaratomids (called nymphs), hatch directly from the eggs. The nymphs resemble fully grown adults except for size and the absence of wings.
Nymphs usually undergo four to five successive stages of moltings (ecdysis), increasing in size and becoming more adult-like with each stage until the final molting. The stages are individually known as instars, with the earliest stage (just after hatching) being known as the first nymphal instar. Nymphs may also differ significantly from adults in colors and patterns exhibited. In some species, nymphs often exhibit strikingly vibrant colors in contrast to the relative drabness of adults. The colors can also vary between instars. Mating between adults can last for several hours, with the male and female attached end-to-end.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Tessaratomidae
Genus: Pycanum
Species: P. rubens
Binomial name Pycanum rubens
(Fabricius, 1794)
Cantao ocellatus
Shield Bug
Shield Bug
Scutelleridae is a family of true bugs. They are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration.
They are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the thoracic scutellum into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings.
This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug.
These insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops.
Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide.
Cantao is a genus of true bugs in the family Scutelleridae. It is a species of shield bug in the family Scutelleridae found across Asia.
Body elongate oval; head elongate, with nearly straight and carinate lateral margins; pronotum with posterolateral angles produced at base of scutellum; scutellum with a pair of deep foveae basally; peritreme large, occupying most of metapleurite, evaporatorium reduced.
Reddish or ochre in overall colour it has dark legs and bluish black antennae. A dark bluish black stripe is present along the central line of the head. The pronotum sometimes has two black spots on the front margin and sometimes has eight spots.
The scutellum has eight or six black spots of variable size but with yellowish borders. The lateral angle of the pronotum is elongated into a curved spine but this can be much reduced.
A distinctive symbiotic bacterial genus Sodalis from phylum Gammaproteobacteria is found in its midgut.
Maternal care of eggs and nymphs has been noted in this species.The female covers the eggs after they are laid but eggs on the edge that she cannot cover are often parasitized by wasps.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Scutelleridae
Genus: Cantao
Species: C. ocellatus
Binomial name Cantao ocellatus
(Thunberg, 1784)
They are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the thoracic scutellum into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings.
This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug.
These insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops.
Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide.
Cantao is a genus of true bugs in the family Scutelleridae. It is a species of shield bug in the family Scutelleridae found across Asia.
Body elongate oval; head elongate, with nearly straight and carinate lateral margins; pronotum with posterolateral angles produced at base of scutellum; scutellum with a pair of deep foveae basally; peritreme large, occupying most of metapleurite, evaporatorium reduced.
Reddish or ochre in overall colour it has dark legs and bluish black antennae. A dark bluish black stripe is present along the central line of the head. The pronotum sometimes has two black spots on the front margin and sometimes has eight spots.
The scutellum has eight or six black spots of variable size but with yellowish borders. The lateral angle of the pronotum is elongated into a curved spine but this can be much reduced.
A distinctive symbiotic bacterial genus Sodalis from phylum Gammaproteobacteria is found in its midgut.
Maternal care of eggs and nymphs has been noted in this species.The female covers the eggs after they are laid but eggs on the edge that she cannot cover are often parasitized by wasps.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Scutelleridae
Genus: Cantao
Species: C. ocellatus
Binomial name Cantao ocellatus
(Thunberg, 1784)
Nymph
Adult
Agriotes sputator
Agriotes is a genus of beetles in the family Elateridae which includes numerous species, many of which are found in the Americas, Asia and much of Europe.
Agriotes sputator is a species of click beetle, commonly known as the common click beetle. The adult beetle is brown and inconspicuous, and the larvae live in the soil and are known as wireworms. They are agricultural pests that devour the roots and underground parts of many crops and other plants.
The adult common click beetle has a length of between 6 and 9 mm (0.24 and 0.35 in) and a width of between 1.8 and 2.8 mm (0.07 and 0.11 in).
The head and pronotum are bluntly pointed and the antennae are as long as the total length of the head and pronotum.
The front edge of the pronotum is brownish ginger, and the whole pronotum is covered by fine puncture marks. The abdomen is brownish black, the wing covers reddish brown tinged with yellow, and the antennae and legs are pale reddish brown.
The pronotum and wing covers are covered in dense, short greyish hairs.
The larva is known as a wireworm and lives in the soil. It is yellow, slender, stiff and leathery, and grows to a length of about 20 mm (0.8 in). The centre of the mandible has a small tooth for gnawing.
The adults are active for one or two months from late spring onwards. About one hundred eggs are laid in batches, 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) beneath the soil and hatch after about two weeks. The larvae develop in the soil for two to four years. They feed on seeds and seedlings and the new tillers of cereal crops, and gnaw their way into roots, finding their food by smell.
They feed when the soil temperature exceeds 12 °C (54 °F) and need moist soil. They are killed by dry conditions or temperatures below about −6 °C (21 °F) but compensate by moving down through the soil to a meter (yard) or so beneath the surface. They can survive for a long time without feeding. When fully-grown, the larvae pupate in late summer in the soil. The adults emerge two to three weeks later. The insects overwinter as adults and as larvae, the whole life cycle taking up to five years to complete.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Elateridae
Genus: Agriotes
Species: A. sputator
Higher classification: Elaterinae
Tribe: Pomachiliini
Binomial name Agriotes sputator
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Agriotes sputator is a species of click beetle, commonly known as the common click beetle. The adult beetle is brown and inconspicuous, and the larvae live in the soil and are known as wireworms. They are agricultural pests that devour the roots and underground parts of many crops and other plants.
The adult common click beetle has a length of between 6 and 9 mm (0.24 and 0.35 in) and a width of between 1.8 and 2.8 mm (0.07 and 0.11 in).
The head and pronotum are bluntly pointed and the antennae are as long as the total length of the head and pronotum.
The front edge of the pronotum is brownish ginger, and the whole pronotum is covered by fine puncture marks. The abdomen is brownish black, the wing covers reddish brown tinged with yellow, and the antennae and legs are pale reddish brown.
The pronotum and wing covers are covered in dense, short greyish hairs.
The larva is known as a wireworm and lives in the soil. It is yellow, slender, stiff and leathery, and grows to a length of about 20 mm (0.8 in). The centre of the mandible has a small tooth for gnawing.
The adults are active for one or two months from late spring onwards. About one hundred eggs are laid in batches, 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) beneath the soil and hatch after about two weeks. The larvae develop in the soil for two to four years. They feed on seeds and seedlings and the new tillers of cereal crops, and gnaw their way into roots, finding their food by smell.
They feed when the soil temperature exceeds 12 °C (54 °F) and need moist soil. They are killed by dry conditions or temperatures below about −6 °C (21 °F) but compensate by moving down through the soil to a meter (yard) or so beneath the surface. They can survive for a long time without feeding. When fully-grown, the larvae pupate in late summer in the soil. The adults emerge two to three weeks later. The insects overwinter as adults and as larvae, the whole life cycle taking up to five years to complete.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Elateridae
Genus: Agriotes
Species: A. sputator
Higher classification: Elaterinae
Tribe: Pomachiliini
Binomial name Agriotes sputator
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Aspidimorpha miliaris
Tortoise beetles
Tortoise beetles
The Cassidinae (tortoise and leaf-mining beetles) are a subfamily of the leaf beetles, or Chrysomelidae. The antennae arise close to each other and some members have the pronotal and elytral edges extended to the side and covering the legs so as to give them the common name of tortoise beetles.
Aspidimorpha miliaris is a widespread Asian species of beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.
The genus name is frequently misspelled as "Aspidomorpha", due to an unjustified spelling change in 1848
This species reaches about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in length. Larvae have a gregarious habit and feed on Ipomoea species, with potentially dangerous impact on crops.
Aspidimorpha miliaris occurs throughout SE Asia and India.
Class : Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Chrysomelidae
Subfamily: Cassidinae
Genus: Aspidimorpha
Species: A. miliaris
Binomial name Aspidimorpha miliaris
Aspidimorpha miliaris is a widespread Asian species of beetles belonging to the family Chrysomelidae.
The genus name is frequently misspelled as "Aspidomorpha", due to an unjustified spelling change in 1848
This species reaches about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in length. Larvae have a gregarious habit and feed on Ipomoea species, with potentially dangerous impact on crops.
Aspidimorpha miliaris occurs throughout SE Asia and India.
Class : Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Chrysomelidae
Subfamily: Cassidinae
Genus: Aspidimorpha
Species: A. miliaris
Binomial name Aspidimorpha miliaris