Ingerophrynus quadriporcatusIts
common names : long-glanded toad, four-ridged toad and greater Malacca toad.
common names : long-glanded toad, four-ridged toad and greater Malacca toad.
Ingerophrynus is a genus of true toads with 12 species. The genus is found in southern Yunnan andSoutheast Asia, from Myanmar and Indochina to peninsular Thailand and Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.
This genus was established after a major taxonomical revision of frogs in 2006. Ten of the species in this genus were formerly considered species of the genus Bufo, most of them in what had been known as the Bufo biporcatus group, the remaining ones were assigned to this genus based on molecular data.
In 2007 a new species, Ingerophrynus gollum, was added to this genus. The sister taxon of Ingerophrynus is Sabahphrynus.
The diagnostic characters of the Bufo biporcatus group are the presence of supraorbital, parietal, and supratympanic crests, lack of a tarsal ridge, presence of vocal sacs but absence of melanophores in the surrounding muscle tissue, lack of tibial glands, lack supinator manus humeralis and adductor longus muscles, presence of paired crests on the vertebral column, rugose skull, squamosal bones with broad dorsal otic plates, and smooth palatine bones.
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
True toads are widespread and are native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica, inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest.
Most lay eggs in paired strings that hatch into tadpoles, although, in the genus Nectophrynoides, the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads.
All true toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain an alkaloid poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects.
Bufotoxin is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the cane toad Rhinella marina, are more toxic than others. Some "psychoactive toads", such as the Colorado River toad Incilius alvarius, have been used recreationally for the effects of their bufotoxin.
Depending on the species, male or female toads may possess a Bidder's organ, a trait unique to all bufonids except genera Melanophryniscus and Truebella. Under the right conditions, the organ becomes an active ovary.
The loss of teeth has arisen in frogs independently over 20 times. Notably, all members of Bufonidae are toothless. Another Anuran family with a comparable degree of edentulism is the family Microhylidae.
Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. Its common names are long-glanded toad, four-ridged toad and greater Malacca toad.
It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore,
Borneo (Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, and Kalimantan), Sumatra, and the Natuna Islands.
Its natural habitats are swamp forests, but it has also been found on rubber plantations. It breeds in standing water.
Male Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus grow to a snout vent length of about 48 mm (1.9 in) and females to 53–63 mm (2.1–2.5 in).
They have a distinct tympanum. The dorsum
is dark or light brown above and on sides, usually uniform in colour, and without distinct markings. Ventral colour is yellowish brown, possibly with dark spots. Skin on top of head and body is covered with many conical spines.
Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus may be common in suitable swampy habitats, but it is not abundant. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by expanding oil palm plantations, infrastructure development, and logging.
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Amphibia
Order : Anura
Family : Bufonidae
Genus : Ingerophrynus
Species : I. quadriporcatus
Binomial name Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus
(Boulenger, 1887)
Synonyms
Bufo quadriporcatus Boulenger, 1887
This genus was established after a major taxonomical revision of frogs in 2006. Ten of the species in this genus were formerly considered species of the genus Bufo, most of them in what had been known as the Bufo biporcatus group, the remaining ones were assigned to this genus based on molecular data.
In 2007 a new species, Ingerophrynus gollum, was added to this genus. The sister taxon of Ingerophrynus is Sabahphrynus.
The diagnostic characters of the Bufo biporcatus group are the presence of supraorbital, parietal, and supratympanic crests, lack of a tarsal ridge, presence of vocal sacs but absence of melanophores in the surrounding muscle tissue, lack of tibial glands, lack supinator manus humeralis and adductor longus muscles, presence of paired crests on the vertebral column, rugose skull, squamosal bones with broad dorsal otic plates, and smooth palatine bones.
A true toad is any member of the family Bufonidae, in the order Anura (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as toads, although some may be called frogs (such as harlequin frogs). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, Bufo being the best known.
True toads are widespread and are native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica, inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest.
Most lay eggs in paired strings that hatch into tadpoles, although, in the genus Nectophrynoides, the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads.
All true toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads. These glands contain an alkaloid poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects.
Bufotoxin is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the cane toad Rhinella marina, are more toxic than others. Some "psychoactive toads", such as the Colorado River toad Incilius alvarius, have been used recreationally for the effects of their bufotoxin.
Depending on the species, male or female toads may possess a Bidder's organ, a trait unique to all bufonids except genera Melanophryniscus and Truebella. Under the right conditions, the organ becomes an active ovary.
The loss of teeth has arisen in frogs independently over 20 times. Notably, all members of Bufonidae are toothless. Another Anuran family with a comparable degree of edentulism is the family Microhylidae.
Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. Its common names are long-glanded toad, four-ridged toad and greater Malacca toad.
It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore,
Borneo (Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak, and Kalimantan), Sumatra, and the Natuna Islands.
Its natural habitats are swamp forests, but it has also been found on rubber plantations. It breeds in standing water.
Male Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus grow to a snout vent length of about 48 mm (1.9 in) and females to 53–63 mm (2.1–2.5 in).
They have a distinct tympanum. The dorsum
is dark or light brown above and on sides, usually uniform in colour, and without distinct markings. Ventral colour is yellowish brown, possibly with dark spots. Skin on top of head and body is covered with many conical spines.
Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus may be common in suitable swampy habitats, but it is not abundant. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by expanding oil palm plantations, infrastructure development, and logging.
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Amphibia
Order : Anura
Family : Bufonidae
Genus : Ingerophrynus
Species : I. quadriporcatus
Binomial name Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus
(Boulenger, 1887)
Synonyms
Bufo quadriporcatus Boulenger, 1887
Microhyla butleri
Painted Chorus frog
Painted Chorus frog
Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs.
Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka).
The painted chorus frog (Microhyla butleri), also commonly known as Butler's narrow-mouthed toad, Butler's pigmy frog, Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, noisy frog or tubercled pygmy frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeast India, Myanmar, southern China,
Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, swamps, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, ponds, open excavations, and irrigated land. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.
In 2021, nine species of Microhyla were moved to Nanohyla on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic differences.
According to Seshadri et al. (2016) this genus can be diagnosed using the following set of criteria:
Adult frogs are of small size, pupil circular, skin on dorsum smooth, lateral side of body with markings from back of eye to vent, supratympanic fold present in adults, paratoid glands are absent, fingers without webbing, finger tips may or may not be dilated, oval tongue, its margin is entire and free at the base, the diameter of eye is smaller than snout, a thin layer of skin hides the tympanum, tubercles on hand distinct, distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and rounded outer metatarsal tubercle, webbing in feet, rudimentary.
The genus Microhyla is closely related to Glyphoglossus within the family Microhylidae. Members of the genus
Microhyla began diversifying from the most common ancestor around 45 million years ago and this resulted in forming Metaphrynella and Microhyla.
However, ascertaining the phylogenetic relationship of frogs within Microhyla has been difficult as many species are not monophyletic.
A 2021 study on the relationship between Microhyla and Glyphoglossus found that nine species within Microhyla actually belong to a separate lineage. They have been subsequently moved to the new genus,
Nanohyla.
Microhyla butleri have skin that is smooth or with small smooth warts above. They are brownish on their back, pale reddish on the sides and limbs, and whitish beneath. Male Microhyla butleri grow to a snout-vent length of 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) and females to 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in).
Microhyla Butleri had recently been added to the 'Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (BTNR) checklist to be updated to 115 species in 2019.
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Amphibia
Order : Anura
Family : Microhylidae
Genus : Microhyla
Species : M. butleri
Binomial name Microhyla butleri
Boulenger, 1900
Synonyms
Microhyla boulengeri Vogt, 1913
Microhyla latastii Boulenger, 1920
Microhyla grahami Stejneger, 1924
Microhyla sowerbyi Stejneger, 1924
Microhyla cantonensis Chen, 1929
Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka).
The painted chorus frog (Microhyla butleri), also commonly known as Butler's narrow-mouthed toad, Butler's pigmy frog, Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, noisy frog or tubercled pygmy frog, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeast India, Myanmar, southern China,
Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, swamps, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, ponds, open excavations, and irrigated land. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.
In 2021, nine species of Microhyla were moved to Nanohyla on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic differences.
According to Seshadri et al. (2016) this genus can be diagnosed using the following set of criteria:
Adult frogs are of small size, pupil circular, skin on dorsum smooth, lateral side of body with markings from back of eye to vent, supratympanic fold present in adults, paratoid glands are absent, fingers without webbing, finger tips may or may not be dilated, oval tongue, its margin is entire and free at the base, the diameter of eye is smaller than snout, a thin layer of skin hides the tympanum, tubercles on hand distinct, distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and rounded outer metatarsal tubercle, webbing in feet, rudimentary.
The genus Microhyla is closely related to Glyphoglossus within the family Microhylidae. Members of the genus
Microhyla began diversifying from the most common ancestor around 45 million years ago and this resulted in forming Metaphrynella and Microhyla.
However, ascertaining the phylogenetic relationship of frogs within Microhyla has been difficult as many species are not monophyletic.
A 2021 study on the relationship between Microhyla and Glyphoglossus found that nine species within Microhyla actually belong to a separate lineage. They have been subsequently moved to the new genus,
Nanohyla.
Microhyla butleri have skin that is smooth or with small smooth warts above. They are brownish on their back, pale reddish on the sides and limbs, and whitish beneath. Male Microhyla butleri grow to a snout-vent length of 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) and females to 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in).
Microhyla Butleri had recently been added to the 'Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (BTNR) checklist to be updated to 115 species in 2019.
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Amphibia
Order : Anura
Family : Microhylidae
Genus : Microhyla
Species : M. butleri
Binomial name Microhyla butleri
Boulenger, 1900
Synonyms
Microhyla boulengeri Vogt, 1913
Microhyla latastii Boulenger, 1920
Microhyla grahami Stejneger, 1924
Microhyla sowerbyi Stejneger, 1924
Microhyla cantonensis Chen, 1929
Hylarana guentheri / Sylvirana guentheri
Günther's frog
Günther's frog
Hylarana guentheri (Günther's frog) is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It was formerly placed in the genus Rana.
This species name Hylarana guentheri had been change to Sylvirana guentheri.
It is found in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Cambodia and Laos. An introduced population is found on Guam. An alternate common name is Günther's Amoy frog, and the honorific is often spelled "Guenther's".
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.
Its call is a loud double croak, typically emitted whilst floating in the water. This can easily be heard late afternoon to early evening.
Günther's frog is a medium to large-sized frog that may grow up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in snout-vent length.
Parasites of this frog include the opalinid Protoopalina pingi, in the rectum.
Sylvirana is a genus of true frogs, family Ranidae, found in South and East Asia, from northeastern India in west to China in the north, Taiwan in the east, and Thailand in the south.
Originally proposed as a subgenus of Rana in 1992, it has been considered both a full genus and a synonym of Hylarana. Its current recognition at generic level stems from molecular genetic analyses published in 2015.
Sylvirana are generally medium-size frogs with robust bodies. They have similar postocular masks as in Papurana.
The upper lip is gray, off-white, or occasionally, mottled. The dorsum is shagreened with spicules, or it can be warty. The dorsolateral folds a medium-sized and well-developed, either pale or the same color as the dorsum. The flanks have dark coloration below lateral ridges that fades to pale with well-defined dark spots. Males have paired vocal sac that may be internal or external.
S. guentheri size is between 7 - 10 cm, its back pale brown with prominent dorsolateral folds on each side of body, skin smooth, with few or no tubercles, lateral sides of body dark brown, eardrum conspicuous with white margin. It can secret a rather toxic fluid which can kill smaller frogs in confined space.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Sylvirana
Species: S. guentheri
Binomial name Sylvirana guentheri
(Boulenger, 1882)
This species name Hylarana guentheri had been change to Sylvirana guentheri.
It is found in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Cambodia and Laos. An introduced population is found on Guam. An alternate common name is Günther's Amoy frog, and the honorific is often spelled "Guenther's".
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, rural gardens, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.
Its call is a loud double croak, typically emitted whilst floating in the water. This can easily be heard late afternoon to early evening.
Günther's frog is a medium to large-sized frog that may grow up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in snout-vent length.
Parasites of this frog include the opalinid Protoopalina pingi, in the rectum.
Sylvirana is a genus of true frogs, family Ranidae, found in South and East Asia, from northeastern India in west to China in the north, Taiwan in the east, and Thailand in the south.
Originally proposed as a subgenus of Rana in 1992, it has been considered both a full genus and a synonym of Hylarana. Its current recognition at generic level stems from molecular genetic analyses published in 2015.
Sylvirana are generally medium-size frogs with robust bodies. They have similar postocular masks as in Papurana.
The upper lip is gray, off-white, or occasionally, mottled. The dorsum is shagreened with spicules, or it can be warty. The dorsolateral folds a medium-sized and well-developed, either pale or the same color as the dorsum. The flanks have dark coloration below lateral ridges that fades to pale with well-defined dark spots. Males have paired vocal sac that may be internal or external.
S. guentheri size is between 7 - 10 cm, its back pale brown with prominent dorsolateral folds on each side of body, skin smooth, with few or no tubercles, lateral sides of body dark brown, eardrum conspicuous with white margin. It can secret a rather toxic fluid which can kill smaller frogs in confined space.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Sylvirana
Species: S. guentheri
Binomial name Sylvirana guentheri
(Boulenger, 1882)
Hylarana glandulosa
rough-sided frog or the glandular frog
rough-sided frog or the glandular frog
Hylarana belongs to the subfamily Raninae of the true frog family Ranidae. The generic name Hylarana derives from New Latin hyle ('wood' or 'forest') and rana ('frog').
Hylarana was previously considered to be a subgenus of the genus Rana. It was recognized as a distinct genus in 2005. Several genera were further split from Hylarana in 2006, and then treated again as junior synonyms of Hylarana.
In 2015, Oliver et al. performed a major taxonomic re-assessment of Hylarana. Their taxonomic reassessment left just four of the former 80–100 species within the genus Hylarana sensu stricto. The rest were transferred to Abavorana, Amnirana, Chalcorana, Humerana, Hydrophylax,
Indosylvirana, Papurana, Pulchrana, and Sylvirana.
Hylarana are small to large-sized frogs. Males have an average snout-vent length of 27 to 85 mm (1.1 to 3.3 in), while females range from 38 to 92 mm (1.5 to 3.6 in).
The nares (nostrils) are oval in shape and covered by a flap of skin. The tympanum is visible but is not covered by a supratympanic fold. Vomerine teeth and a pineal ocellus (parietal eye) are present. The toes are webbed, but the fingers are not.
Former members of the genus Hylarana ranged from Sri Lanka to the Western Ghats of India, through Nepal and southern China and Taiwan, down to Southeast Asia to the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, in Northern Australia, and tropical Africa. Following taxonomic revisions, the genus is actually restricted to Southern and southeast Asia.
Hylarana glandulosa, commonly known as the rough-sided frog or the glandular frog, is a species
of true frog in the genus Hylarana.
It is native to Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia,
Malaysia,Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swampland, rivers, freshwater marshes, caves, and plantations. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.
In Thailand, it is called h̄mā n̂ảm (Thai: หมาน้ำ; literally: water dog) because its call sounds like a barking puppy.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Hylarana
Species: H. glandulosa
Binomial name Hylarana glandulosa
(Boulenger, 1882)
Hylarana was previously considered to be a subgenus of the genus Rana. It was recognized as a distinct genus in 2005. Several genera were further split from Hylarana in 2006, and then treated again as junior synonyms of Hylarana.
In 2015, Oliver et al. performed a major taxonomic re-assessment of Hylarana. Their taxonomic reassessment left just four of the former 80–100 species within the genus Hylarana sensu stricto. The rest were transferred to Abavorana, Amnirana, Chalcorana, Humerana, Hydrophylax,
Indosylvirana, Papurana, Pulchrana, and Sylvirana.
Hylarana are small to large-sized frogs. Males have an average snout-vent length of 27 to 85 mm (1.1 to 3.3 in), while females range from 38 to 92 mm (1.5 to 3.6 in).
The nares (nostrils) are oval in shape and covered by a flap of skin. The tympanum is visible but is not covered by a supratympanic fold. Vomerine teeth and a pineal ocellus (parietal eye) are present. The toes are webbed, but the fingers are not.
Former members of the genus Hylarana ranged from Sri Lanka to the Western Ghats of India, through Nepal and southern China and Taiwan, down to Southeast Asia to the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, in Northern Australia, and tropical Africa. Following taxonomic revisions, the genus is actually restricted to Southern and southeast Asia.
Hylarana glandulosa, commonly known as the rough-sided frog or the glandular frog, is a species
of true frog in the genus Hylarana.
It is native to Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia,
Malaysia,Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical swampland, rivers, freshwater marshes, caves, and plantations. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.
In Thailand, it is called h̄mā n̂ảm (Thai: หมาน้ำ; literally: water dog) because its call sounds like a barking puppy.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Hylarana
Species: H. glandulosa
Binomial name Hylarana glandulosa
(Boulenger, 1882)
Nyctixalus pictus
cinnamon frog
cinnamon frog
Nyctixalus pictus, also known as cinnamon frog, cinnamon treefrog, cinnamon bush frog, painted Indonesian treefrog, and white-spotted treefrog, etc., is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae.
This species is found in the Malay Peninsula (from extreme southern Thailand through Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore), Sumatra (Indonesia), Borneo and parts of the Greater Sunda Islands (Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia), and the Philippines.
Nyctixalus is the sister taxon of Theloderma. It has also been considered subgenus of Theloderma, but the most recent research treat it as a distinct genus.
Nyctixalus are medium-sized frogs with adults being 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) in snout–vent length. Their body and limbs have numerous spiny tubercles. Fingers are free or webbed at base. Vocal sac is always absent.
There are three species in the genus:
Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, 1882
Nyctixalus pictus (Peters, 1871)
Nyctixalus spinosus (Taylor, 1920)
It is nocturnal in habits, frequenting low vegetation where it waits for insects and other prey to pass. Its eggs are laid in water-filled tree hollows, or phytothelms, where the young tadpoles are able to develop in relative safety.
Its call comprises a quiet series of 'peeps', which can easily be mistaken as that of an insect.
This species is a phytothelm breeder: tadpoles develop in tree holes (or similar structures). The tadpoles are quite distinctive: Tadpoles are dorsoventrally flattend. Viewed from above the tadpole’s body is broadly oval. The eyes are dorsally positioned. Coloration is dark brown. The tail ends bluntly. The tail fin is relatively low. Size: up to 50 mm.
Nyctixalus pictus grows to about 35 mm (1.4 in) in snout–vent length; males are slightly smaller than females. The snout is obtusely pointed. The tympanum is distinct. The limbs are long and the finger and toe tips are dilated into large discs. The fingers have no webbing whereas the toes are partly webbed. Coloration is brown or reddish brown with white to yellow spots on the body.
Nyctixalus pictus occurs in the shrub and lower tree layers of primary and secondary forests, the tadpoles develop in arboreal water-filled cavities (including phytotelms) and in rotting logs.
Nyctixalus pictus is widespread but uncommon. Populations are threatened by habitat loss due to clearing of forests for agriculture and logging. Its range includes several protected areas. In Singapore, it is only found in the Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Rhacophoridae
Genus: Nyctixalus
Species: N. pictus
Binomial name Nyctixalus pictus
(Peters, 1871)
This species is found in the Malay Peninsula (from extreme southern Thailand through Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore), Sumatra (Indonesia), Borneo and parts of the Greater Sunda Islands (Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia), and the Philippines.
Nyctixalus is the sister taxon of Theloderma. It has also been considered subgenus of Theloderma, but the most recent research treat it as a distinct genus.
Nyctixalus are medium-sized frogs with adults being 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) in snout–vent length. Their body and limbs have numerous spiny tubercles. Fingers are free or webbed at base. Vocal sac is always absent.
There are three species in the genus:
Nyctixalus margaritifer Boulenger, 1882
Nyctixalus pictus (Peters, 1871)
Nyctixalus spinosus (Taylor, 1920)
It is nocturnal in habits, frequenting low vegetation where it waits for insects and other prey to pass. Its eggs are laid in water-filled tree hollows, or phytothelms, where the young tadpoles are able to develop in relative safety.
Its call comprises a quiet series of 'peeps', which can easily be mistaken as that of an insect.
This species is a phytothelm breeder: tadpoles develop in tree holes (or similar structures). The tadpoles are quite distinctive: Tadpoles are dorsoventrally flattend. Viewed from above the tadpole’s body is broadly oval. The eyes are dorsally positioned. Coloration is dark brown. The tail ends bluntly. The tail fin is relatively low. Size: up to 50 mm.
Nyctixalus pictus grows to about 35 mm (1.4 in) in snout–vent length; males are slightly smaller than females. The snout is obtusely pointed. The tympanum is distinct. The limbs are long and the finger and toe tips are dilated into large discs. The fingers have no webbing whereas the toes are partly webbed. Coloration is brown or reddish brown with white to yellow spots on the body.
Nyctixalus pictus occurs in the shrub and lower tree layers of primary and secondary forests, the tadpoles develop in arboreal water-filled cavities (including phytotelms) and in rotting logs.
Nyctixalus pictus is widespread but uncommon. Populations are threatened by habitat loss due to clearing of forests for agriculture and logging. Its range includes several protected areas. In Singapore, it is only found in the Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Rhacophoridae
Genus: Nyctixalus
Species: N. pictus
Binomial name Nyctixalus pictus
(Peters, 1871)
Fejervarya limnocharis
Boie's wart frog
Boie's wart frog
Fejervarya limnocharis is a species of frog found in South East Asia and parts of Indochina. It is known under many common names, including Boie's wart frog, rice field frog, and Asian grass frog.
Molecular studies of the species complex (after Boulenger) suggest that there may be multiple species involved.
Snout pointed, projecting beyond mouth. Canthus obtuse, loreal oblique, more or less concave.
Internarial space is longer than interorbital width, which is much less than width of the upper eyelid.
Tympanum distinct, half to twothirds the diameter of eye. Fingers obtusely pointed, first longer than second, subarticular tubercles very prominent.
Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanum or naris. Toes obtuse or with slightly swollen tips, half webbed, subarticular tubercles small and prominent. Body with small tubercles, sometimes small longitudinal folds are present, ventrum smooth except belly and thighs which are granular posteriorly.
Male with loose gular region, with brown or blackish W-shaped mark, fore limbs stronger, with pad like subdigital tubercles under first finger. Snout-vent length 39–43 mm.
Color gray brown or olive above, sometimes suffused with bright carmine; a V-shaped dark mark between eyes, a yellow vertebral stripe mostly present; lips and limbs barred, a light line along calf, thighs laterally yellow, marbled with black, ventrum white, throat is mottled with brown in male.
The species forms a complex with several genetic variants that may represent multiple species.
Fejervarya limnocharis is commonly sold as food in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. In Cambodia, it is frequently collected for human consumption.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Genus: Fejervarya
Species: F. limnocharis
Binomial name Fejervarya limnocharis
(Gravenhorst, 1829)
Molecular studies of the species complex (after Boulenger) suggest that there may be multiple species involved.
Snout pointed, projecting beyond mouth. Canthus obtuse, loreal oblique, more or less concave.
Internarial space is longer than interorbital width, which is much less than width of the upper eyelid.
Tympanum distinct, half to twothirds the diameter of eye. Fingers obtusely pointed, first longer than second, subarticular tubercles very prominent.
Tibiotarsal articulation reaches tympanum or naris. Toes obtuse or with slightly swollen tips, half webbed, subarticular tubercles small and prominent. Body with small tubercles, sometimes small longitudinal folds are present, ventrum smooth except belly and thighs which are granular posteriorly.
Male with loose gular region, with brown or blackish W-shaped mark, fore limbs stronger, with pad like subdigital tubercles under first finger. Snout-vent length 39–43 mm.
Color gray brown or olive above, sometimes suffused with bright carmine; a V-shaped dark mark between eyes, a yellow vertebral stripe mostly present; lips and limbs barred, a light line along calf, thighs laterally yellow, marbled with black, ventrum white, throat is mottled with brown in male.
The species forms a complex with several genetic variants that may represent multiple species.
Fejervarya limnocharis is commonly sold as food in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. In Cambodia, it is frequently collected for human consumption.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Genus: Fejervarya
Species: F. limnocharis
Binomial name Fejervarya limnocharis
(Gravenhorst, 1829)
Microhyla heymonsi
Dark-sided chorus frog
Dark-sided chorus frog
Microhyla heymonsi, also known as the dark-sided chorus frog or the Taiwan rice frog, is a species of narrow-mouthed frog found in northeastern India, southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia south to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra as well as the Great Nicobar Island. It was originally described from Taiwan.
As microhylids in general, Microhyla heymonsi is a small frog: males reach 16–21 mm (0.6–0.8 in) and females 22–26 mm (0.9–1.0 in) in snout-vent length.
The dorsal colour is pinkish or greyish above with a black lateral band extending from the snout tip to the groin and entirely covering the sides of the head. It inhabits a variety of disturbed areas as well as secondary vegetation. It breeds in temporary rain puddles, paddy fields, ditches, marshes and slow-flowing streams.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Microhylidae
Genus: Microhyla
Species: M. heymonsi
Binomial name Microhyla heymonsi
Vogt, 1911
As microhylids in general, Microhyla heymonsi is a small frog: males reach 16–21 mm (0.6–0.8 in) and females 22–26 mm (0.9–1.0 in) in snout-vent length.
The dorsal colour is pinkish or greyish above with a black lateral band extending from the snout tip to the groin and entirely covering the sides of the head. It inhabits a variety of disturbed areas as well as secondary vegetation. It breeds in temporary rain puddles, paddy fields, ditches, marshes and slow-flowing streams.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Microhylidae
Genus: Microhyla
Species: M. heymonsi
Binomial name Microhyla heymonsi
Vogt, 1911
Polypedates leucomystax
Four line tree frog
Four line tree frog
Polypedates leucomystax is a species in the shrub frog family Rhacophoridae. It is known under numerous common names, including common tree frog, four-lined tree frog, golden tree frog or striped tree frog. Many past authors have united it with the common Indian tree frog in P. maculatus (or Rhacophorus maculatus, as was common in older times), but today they are generally considered distinct species.
In its native range, it is also called "white-lipped tree frog", but this name is otherwise applied to a species of true tree frogs (family Hylidae).
Polypedates leucomystax is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. It is in fact a species complex containing various cryptic species within it.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, rocky shores, coastal freshwater lagoons, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and introduced vegetation.
Polypedates leucomystax can reach approximately a snout–vent length of 3.7–5.0 centimetres (1.5–2.0 in) in males, of 5.7–7.5 millimetres (0.22–0.30 in) in females.
Body of these rather small shrub frogs is moderately slender, ovoid, slightly flattened above, with sharply pointed tail. The skin on the upper side is smooth. The body colour is rather variable, with various shades of gray, green, yellow, reddish or dark brown. Usually it is irregularly mottled, often with four stripes along the back. The tip of snout sometimes shows a distinct white spot. Eyes are at the side of the head. The hind feet are webbed. The feet have clear, large cushions as usual with leaf frogs. Its eye emits under uv lights.
In the damp areas of the propagation, these frogs are present all year round. In drier environments, the period usually restricts to the beginning of the rainy season.
The mating takes place at the margins of shallow pools, where the males first arrive and call the females with a distinctive loud, duck-like sound. The female places between 100 and 400 eggs in a protective foam nest that is attached to vegetation or other objects above the water surface. The eggs hatch after 3 to 4 days. The tadpoles develop inside the foam nest and then fall into the water. They develop into adult frogs in about 7 weeks.
This species of tree frog is commonly kept in captivity in vivariums and terrariums by both hobbyists and professional.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Rhacophoridae
Genus: Polypedates
Species: P. leucomystax
Binomial name Polypedates leucomystax
(Gravenhorst, 1829)
In its native range, it is also called "white-lipped tree frog", but this name is otherwise applied to a species of true tree frogs (family Hylidae).
Polypedates leucomystax is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. It is in fact a species complex containing various cryptic species within it.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, rocky shores, coastal freshwater lagoons, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, aquaculture ponds, irrigated land, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and introduced vegetation.
Polypedates leucomystax can reach approximately a snout–vent length of 3.7–5.0 centimetres (1.5–2.0 in) in males, of 5.7–7.5 millimetres (0.22–0.30 in) in females.
Body of these rather small shrub frogs is moderately slender, ovoid, slightly flattened above, with sharply pointed tail. The skin on the upper side is smooth. The body colour is rather variable, with various shades of gray, green, yellow, reddish or dark brown. Usually it is irregularly mottled, often with four stripes along the back. The tip of snout sometimes shows a distinct white spot. Eyes are at the side of the head. The hind feet are webbed. The feet have clear, large cushions as usual with leaf frogs. Its eye emits under uv lights.
In the damp areas of the propagation, these frogs are present all year round. In drier environments, the period usually restricts to the beginning of the rainy season.
The mating takes place at the margins of shallow pools, where the males first arrive and call the females with a distinctive loud, duck-like sound. The female places between 100 and 400 eggs in a protective foam nest that is attached to vegetation or other objects above the water surface. The eggs hatch after 3 to 4 days. The tadpoles develop inside the foam nest and then fall into the water. They develop into adult frogs in about 7 weeks.
This species of tree frog is commonly kept in captivity in vivariums and terrariums by both hobbyists and professional.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Rhacophoridae
Genus: Polypedates
Species: P. leucomystax
Binomial name Polypedates leucomystax
(Gravenhorst, 1829)
Leptobrachium nigrops
Black eye litter frog
Black eye litter frog
Leptobrachium nigrops, also known as the black-eyed litter frog, is a species of amphibian in the family Megophryidae.
It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Black-eyed Litter Frog dwells amongst the leaf litter of primary and mature secondary rainforest.
It can be identified by its irregular, mottled patterning, slender front legs and large, jet-black eyes. Its call is a loud, machine-gun like rattle. When disturbed it will assume a low crouch rather than attempt to flee.
The species breeds in shallow forest streams and the tadpoles are large and black.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Megophryidae
Genus: Leptobrachium
Species: L. nigrops
Binomial name Leptobrachium nigrops
Berry & Hendrickson, 1963
It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Black-eyed Litter Frog dwells amongst the leaf litter of primary and mature secondary rainforest.
It can be identified by its irregular, mottled patterning, slender front legs and large, jet-black eyes. Its call is a loud, machine-gun like rattle. When disturbed it will assume a low crouch rather than attempt to flee.
The species breeds in shallow forest streams and the tadpoles are large and black.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Megophryidae
Genus: Leptobrachium
Species: L. nigrops
Binomial name Leptobrachium nigrops
Berry & Hendrickson, 1963
Limnonectes blythii
Blyth's river frog or Giant asian river frog
Blyth's river frog or Giant asian river frog
Blyth's river frog, Blyth's frog, giant Asian river frog, or (ambiguously) giant frog, Limnonectes blythii, is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae found from Myanmar through western Thailand and the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia, Singapore) to Sumatra and Borneo (Indonesia). Earlier records from Laos and Vietnam are considered misidentifications.
Blyth's river frog is a large frog. Females grow to a snout–vent length of 90–260 mm (3.5–10.2 in) and males to 85–125 mm (3.3–4.9 in).
Large adults can weigh more than 1 kg (2.2 lb). The skin is smooth on the dorsum, with or without scattered tubercles or longitudinal skin folds. They are brownish, grey, or yellowish above and white or yellowish below. They may or may not have a vertebral stripe on their backs.
These frogs inhabit streams with gravel and rocks in primary and secondary evergreen forest. Males build a nesting hollow in a sandy stream bed area, and the tadpoles develop in streams. They can also be found far away from streams.
The major threat to this species is collection for food, both for local consumption and for trade. It is also locally impacted by habitat loss.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Genus: Limnonectes
Species: L. blythii
Binomial name Limnonectes blythii
(Boulenger, 1920)
Blyth's river frog is a large frog. Females grow to a snout–vent length of 90–260 mm (3.5–10.2 in) and males to 85–125 mm (3.3–4.9 in).
Large adults can weigh more than 1 kg (2.2 lb). The skin is smooth on the dorsum, with or without scattered tubercles or longitudinal skin folds. They are brownish, grey, or yellowish above and white or yellowish below. They may or may not have a vertebral stripe on their backs.
These frogs inhabit streams with gravel and rocks in primary and secondary evergreen forest. Males build a nesting hollow in a sandy stream bed area, and the tadpoles develop in streams. They can also be found far away from streams.
The major threat to this species is collection for food, both for local consumption and for trade. It is also locally impacted by habitat loss.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Genus: Limnonectes
Species: L. blythii
Binomial name Limnonectes blythii
(Boulenger, 1920)
Limnonectes macrodon
The fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, or stone creek frog
The fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, or stone creek frog
Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of about 75 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.
The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too. L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.
The fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, or stone creek frog (Limnonectes macrodon) is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae endemic to Sumatra and Java, Indonesia.
Records from other regions are probably caused by misidentifying other species such as Limnonectes blythii as this species.
L. macrodon frogs live in forested areas near streams; they breed in streams. Their lowland forest habitat is declining in both the extent and quality, and this once common species is getting uncommon. It is widely collected for human consumption in Java, Indonesia, along with the crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora).
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Subfamily: Dicroglossinae
Genus: Limnonectes
Species: L. macrodon
Binomial name Limnonectes macrodon
(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.
Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.
The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have showed it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too. L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.
The fanged river frog, Javan giant frog, Malaya wart frog, or stone creek frog (Limnonectes macrodon) is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae endemic to Sumatra and Java, Indonesia.
Records from other regions are probably caused by misidentifying other species such as Limnonectes blythii as this species.
L. macrodon frogs live in forested areas near streams; they breed in streams. Their lowland forest habitat is declining in both the extent and quality, and this once common species is getting uncommon. It is widely collected for human consumption in Java, Indonesia, along with the crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora).
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Subfamily: Dicroglossinae
Genus: Limnonectes
Species: L. macrodon
Binomial name Limnonectes macrodon
(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Asian common toad
Asian common toad
Duttaphrynus melanostictus is commonly called Asian common toad, Asian black-spined toad, Asian toad, black-spectacled toad, common Sunda toad, and Javanese toad. It is probably a complex of more than one true toad species that is widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia.
The species grows to about 20 cm (8 in) long. Asian common toads larvae are found in still and slow-moving waterbodies, it breed during the monsoon in still and slow-flowing rivers and temporary and permanent ponds and pools and their tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after monsoon rains finish.
Adults are terrestrial and may be found under ground cover such as rocks, leaf litter, and logs, and are also associated with human habitations. They are often seen at night under street lamps, especially when winged termites swarm. They have been noted to feed on a wide range of invertebrates, including scorpions. Tadpoles grown in sibling groups metamorphosed faster than those that were kept in mixed groups. Tadpoles have been shown to be able to recognize kin.
They have been recorded from sea level up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) altitude, and live mostly in disturbed lowland habitats, from upper beaches and riverbanks to human-dominated agricultural and urban areas. They are uncommon in closed forests.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Duttaphrynus
Species: D. melanostictus
Binomial name Duttaphrynus melanostictus
(Schneider, 1799)
The species grows to about 20 cm (8 in) long. Asian common toads larvae are found in still and slow-moving waterbodies, it breed during the monsoon in still and slow-flowing rivers and temporary and permanent ponds and pools and their tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after monsoon rains finish.
Adults are terrestrial and may be found under ground cover such as rocks, leaf litter, and logs, and are also associated with human habitations. They are often seen at night under street lamps, especially when winged termites swarm. They have been noted to feed on a wide range of invertebrates, including scorpions. Tadpoles grown in sibling groups metamorphosed faster than those that were kept in mixed groups. Tadpoles have been shown to be able to recognize kin.
They have been recorded from sea level up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) altitude, and live mostly in disturbed lowland habitats, from upper beaches and riverbanks to human-dominated agricultural and urban areas. They are uncommon in closed forests.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Duttaphrynus
Species: D. melanostictus
Binomial name Duttaphrynus melanostictus
(Schneider, 1799)
Banded Bullfrog
Kaloul Pulchra
Kaloul Pulchra
The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) is a type of frog in the microhylid (narrow-mouthed frog) family.
It is also known as the Asian painted frog, rice frog, and bubble frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. They have round bodies with mahogany brown backs and cream stomachs. The distinctive stripes down the side can range from copper-brown to salmon pink in color.
Males have darker throats than females. Frogs grow to about 8 cm (3 in) with females generally being larger than males. They may live for as long as 10 years. Although prevalent in the pet trade, very little is known regarding its behaviour in the wild. They exude a sticky mucus when threatened.
This frog is native to mainland Southeast Asia, and usually lives on the forest floor, in rice fields, and even inside homes. These frogs are voracious eaters, and will eat flies, crickets, moths, grasshoppers, earthworms and more. Painted frogs hide under leaf litter during the day hours and eat in the evening.
Like many other narrow-mouthed frogs, painted frogs have the ability to expand themselves when threatened, and to secrete toxic glue-like substances from their bodies as a defense mechanism. They are also able to survive dry conditions by burying themselves in the ground and waiting for rain.
These frogs are big eaters and are very slow. They are primarily ant specialists, consuming up to a couple hundred ants in one night, and can often be found sitting along an ant trail picking off individuals one by one.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Microhylidae
Genus: Kaloula
Species: K. pulchra
Binomial name Kaloula pulchra
Gray, 1831
It is also known as the Asian painted frog, rice frog, and bubble frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. They have round bodies with mahogany brown backs and cream stomachs. The distinctive stripes down the side can range from copper-brown to salmon pink in color.
Males have darker throats than females. Frogs grow to about 8 cm (3 in) with females generally being larger than males. They may live for as long as 10 years. Although prevalent in the pet trade, very little is known regarding its behaviour in the wild. They exude a sticky mucus when threatened.
This frog is native to mainland Southeast Asia, and usually lives on the forest floor, in rice fields, and even inside homes. These frogs are voracious eaters, and will eat flies, crickets, moths, grasshoppers, earthworms and more. Painted frogs hide under leaf litter during the day hours and eat in the evening.
Like many other narrow-mouthed frogs, painted frogs have the ability to expand themselves when threatened, and to secrete toxic glue-like substances from their bodies as a defense mechanism. They are also able to survive dry conditions by burying themselves in the ground and waiting for rain.
These frogs are big eaters and are very slow. They are primarily ant specialists, consuming up to a couple hundred ants in one night, and can often be found sitting along an ant trail picking off individuals one by one.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Microhylidae
Genus: Kaloula
Species: K. pulchra
Binomial name Kaloula pulchra
Gray, 1831
Fejervarya cancrivora
Crab-eating frog
Crab-eating frog
The crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) is a frog native to south-eastern Asia including Taiwan, China, the Philippines and more rarely as far west as Orissa in India. It has also been introduced to Guam, and was most likely introduced from Taiwan.
It inhabits mangrove swamps and marshes and is one of only 144 known modern amphibians which can tolerate brief excursions into sea water.
This frog can tolerate marine environments (immersion in sea water for brief periods or brackish water for extended periods) by increasing urea production and retention, and by remaining slightly hyperosmotic within urea and sodium flux.
Adults can survive in salt water with salinity as high as 2.8%, and tadpoles can survive salinities as high as 3.9%.
The food sources of the crab-eating frog are mainly determined by the locally available prey. Near fresh water, its diet consists largely of insects. But in an environment with brackish water, small crustaceans, including crabs, form the main part.
In Southeast Asia, the crab-eating frog is locally hunted for food and is often farmed for its edible legs, including in Java, Indonesia.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Genus: Fejervarya
Species: F. cancrivora
Binomial name Fejervarya cancrivora
(Gravenhorst, 1829)
It inhabits mangrove swamps and marshes and is one of only 144 known modern amphibians which can tolerate brief excursions into sea water.
This frog can tolerate marine environments (immersion in sea water for brief periods or brackish water for extended periods) by increasing urea production and retention, and by remaining slightly hyperosmotic within urea and sodium flux.
Adults can survive in salt water with salinity as high as 2.8%, and tadpoles can survive salinities as high as 3.9%.
The food sources of the crab-eating frog are mainly determined by the locally available prey. Near fresh water, its diet consists largely of insects. But in an environment with brackish water, small crustaceans, including crabs, form the main part.
In Southeast Asia, the crab-eating frog is locally hunted for food and is often farmed for its edible legs, including in Java, Indonesia.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Dicroglossidae
Genus: Fejervarya
Species: F. cancrivora
Binomial name Fejervarya cancrivora
(Gravenhorst, 1829)
Chalcorana raniceps
Copper-Cheeked Frog
Copper-Cheeked Frog
Chalcorana raniceps, also known as the copper-cheeked frog, white-lipped frog, or Peters' Malaysian frog, is a species of "true frog" in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Borneo, including Brunei Darussalam, Kalimantan (Indonesia), and Sarawak (Malaysia) and also Singapore, although it is likely to occur more widely.
Previously mixed with Chalcorana chalconota (treated as a junior synonym or a subspecies) and believed to have much wider distribution, its range was delimited to Borneo in the revision of "Rana chalconota" complex by Robert Inger and colleagues in 2009.
Chalcorana raniceps are relatively small frogs: adult males measure 28–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) and females 33–42 mm (1.3–1.7 in) in snout–vent length.
Colouration is mostly green, sometimes with brown back. The snout is long and pointed. Finger and toe tips have adhesive disks. The thighs may be reddish undersides. It resembles Chalcorana megalonesa but is much smaller. Tadpoles are conspicuous with dark markings and red gills on light brown to yellow background; presumably, they are poisonous.
Chalcorana raniceps inhabits a broad range of lowland primary and secondary rainforest habitats.
It breeds in ponds, intermittent streams, and quiet side pools of streams. Males call in small groups from twigs and vegetation 0.5–1.5 m above the ground.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Chalcorana
Species: C. raniceps
Binomial name Chalcorana raniceps
Previously mixed with Chalcorana chalconota (treated as a junior synonym or a subspecies) and believed to have much wider distribution, its range was delimited to Borneo in the revision of "Rana chalconota" complex by Robert Inger and colleagues in 2009.
Chalcorana raniceps are relatively small frogs: adult males measure 28–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) and females 33–42 mm (1.3–1.7 in) in snout–vent length.
Colouration is mostly green, sometimes with brown back. The snout is long and pointed. Finger and toe tips have adhesive disks. The thighs may be reddish undersides. It resembles Chalcorana megalonesa but is much smaller. Tadpoles are conspicuous with dark markings and red gills on light brown to yellow background; presumably, they are poisonous.
Chalcorana raniceps inhabits a broad range of lowland primary and secondary rainforest habitats.
It breeds in ponds, intermittent streams, and quiet side pools of streams. Males call in small groups from twigs and vegetation 0.5–1.5 m above the ground.
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Ranidae
Genus: Chalcorana
Species: C. raniceps
Binomial name Chalcorana raniceps